伊斯兰教创立初期的对犹政策

发布时间：2019-04-03 20:44

【摘要】：公元7世纪到13世纪,即欧洲所谓的“黑暗”时代,世界犹太人口中的绝大多数生活在伊斯兰世界。在伊斯兰教法中,犹太人属于“迪米”(dhimmi)阶层。穆罕默德规定,臣服于穆斯林统治的犹太人只要交纳一定数额的jizya(人丁税),不仅可在伊斯兰社会生活,还可享有一定的宗教自由,因此在伊斯兰史上不乏犹太人身居高位的记载。对穆罕默德和犹太人关系的探讨,相关文章主要强调二者关系演变中的宗教因素,忽略经济因素,这造成我们对该问题的认识不足。因此本文试图通过探讨穆罕默德对犹政策的内涵,从历史的角度“再现”穆罕默德和犹太人的“真实”历史交往境况,将有助于二者关系研究的学术探讨。本文从三方面展开论述。首先历史地考察前伊斯兰时期流散在阿拉伯半岛上的犹太人。这主要指汉志地区(Hejaz)和半岛南部也门地区的犹太人,涉及犹太人和当地阿拉伯人之间文化等的相互影响,以此探寻伊斯兰教创立时阿拉伯半岛上的“犹太背景”和这些“犹太背景”对早期穆罕默德的影响。其次,探讨“麦地那时期”穆罕默德和犹太人二者关系的演变——从合作到冲突。这是文章的重点。试图说明穆罕穆德对麦地那地区的犹太人所采取的驱逐或消灭政策是其发展和壮大伊斯兰教的需要,是穆罕默德实现半岛统一目标的组成部分,是历史发展的使然。再次,考察穆罕默德对海白尔、斐达克和瓦迪-古拉绿洲等其他犹太聚居地的犹太人的征服。随着这些犹太聚居地犹太人的降伏,穆罕默德消除了犹太人在半岛对其威胁,同时也结束了他一生的犹太问题。由于“麦地那时期”穆罕默德和犹太人只和睦相处了一段暂时时间,二者之间的关系随即走向全面冲突,因此穆罕默德和犹太人的冲突及其对犹太人的态度直接影响了《古兰经》中有关犹太人的描述与评价。毋庸置疑,《古兰经》中涉及犹太人的负面描述和评价至今还影响着阿拉伯世界的反犹主义,事关今日阿以问题的解决。文章的最后一部分将对此进行分析。
[Abstract]:From the 7th century to the 13th century, the so-called "dark" era in Europe, the vast majority of the world's Jews lived in the Islamic world. In Islamic Shariah, Jews belong to the "Dimi" (dhimmi) class. According to Mohamed, Jews who submit to Muslim rule can not only live in Islamic society but also enjoy a certain amount of religious freedom, provided that they pay a certain amount of jizya (Tintin tax). As a result, in Islamist history, there is no lack of Jewish high-ranking records. To discuss the relationship between Mohamed and the Jews, the related articles mainly emphasize the religious factors in the evolution of the relationship between the two, ignoring the economic factors, which leads to the lack of our understanding of the problem. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore the connotation of Mohamed's policy towards Judah and "reproduce" Mohamed's "real" historical communication situation from the historical point of view, which will contribute to the academic study of the relationship between Mohamed and the Jews. This paper discusses from three aspects. First, a historical survey of pre-Islamic diaspora Jews on the Arabian Peninsula. This mainly refers to the (Hejaz) in the Hanzhi region and the Jews in Yemen in the southern part of the peninsula, involving the cultural interaction between the Jews and the local Arabs. To explore the "Jewish background" on the Arabian Peninsula when Islam was founded and the influence of these "Jewish backgrounds" on the early Mohamed. Secondly, it discusses the evolution of the relationship between Mohamed and Jew in Medina period-from cooperation to conflict. This is the main point of the article. This paper attempts to explain that Muhammad's policy of expelling or eliminating Jews in Medina is the need of its development and expansion of Islam, is a part of Mohamed's goal of achieving the reunification of the peninsula, and is the result of historical development. Again, Mohamed's conquest of Jews in other Jewish settlements, such as Hebel, Fedak and Wadi-Gura Oasis, was examined. With the fall of the Jewish settlement, Mohamed eliminated the Jew's threat on the peninsula and ended his life's Jewish problems. Since Mohamed and the Jews lived together in harmony for only a short time, the relationship between the two became a full-fledged conflict. Therefore, the conflict between Mohamed and Jews and their attitude towards Jews directly influenced the description and evaluation of Jews in the Quran. There is no doubt that the negative description and evaluation of Jews in the Quran still affects the anti-Semitism in the Arab world and concerns the settlement of the Arab-Israeli problem today. This will be analyzed in the last part of the article.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：B968

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