崇明东滩大型底栖动物对人类活动的响应及生态修复研究

发布时间：2018-06-25 18:33

本文选题：崇明东滩 + 人类活动　；参考：《华东师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：崇明东滩是长江口规模最大的河口型潮汐滩涂湿地。是全球生态敏感区之一;是候鸟迁徙的中转驿站和越冬地;是珍稀濒危鸟类的重要栖息地;也是水生动物的产卵场所和洄游通道。由于该区域在生物多样性保护、湿地资源利用等方面具有重要作用,崇明东滩建立了国家级鸟类自然保护区;接纳为东亚—澳大利亚涉禽保护区网络成员;是具有国际意义的A2级湿地生态系统类型;被列入中国和国际重要湿地名录。崇明东滩的生境状况已引起国内外学者的高度重视和关注。由于崇明东滩的位置特殊性,其生态环境极易受到台风、围垦、污染等自然活动及人类活动的影响。虽然崇明东滩已成立自然保护区,但保护区内仍受到放牧、围垦工程等人类活动影响。这些人类活动会对崇明东滩物种多样性、生境状态造成的影响程度尚不清楚。因此本文以大型底栖动物为研究对象,研究人类活动本身对崇明东滩大型底栖动物群落结构的影响及人类活动造成的环境问题对大型底栖动物优势种的影响,并尝试着探究人工牡蛎礁对崇明东滩生态修复的可行性。研究结果如下:1.人类活动对崇明东滩大型底栖动物群落结构的影响研究2016年4月(春)、7月(夏)、10月(秋)和12月(冬)对崇明东滩潮间带底栖动物进行了定量懫样调查。结合崇明东滩现状,设置5条样带(S1-S5)。其中S1位于基本不受人类活动干扰区域;S2区域主要受放牧影响;S3-S5区域为围垦工程余留潮滩。研究结果显示,各区域物种数相差不大,密度呈现趋势为S2S1S3S4S5,生物量呈现S2S1S3S4S5的趋势。Margalef物种丰富度指数d、Pielou物种均匀度指数J和Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数H'在各断面间有显著差异。与2012年(围垦前)历史数据相比,S1、S2和S3物种数不变,S4和S5物种数下降。S1、S2生物量增加,S3-S5生物量减少;S1丰度增加,S2-S5丰度减少。以上结果表明,不受干扰的自然潮滩具有自我恢复的能力;放牧对大型底栖动物生物量具有一定影响;围垦对大型底栖动物物种数、密度和生物量均有一定影响。崇明东滩大型底栖动物次级生产力大致趋势为:S1S2S3S4S5。与历史数据相比,2016年崇明东滩次级生产力整体呈下降趋势,且下降率大小为:S5S4S3S2S1。崇明东滩大型底栖动物功能群主要由浮游植物食者P1、植物食者Ph、杂食者C、肉食者O和碎屑食者D组成。断面S1、S2和S3的各功能群组成比较均匀。但断面S4和S5的功能群组成不均匀。上述结果表明放牧、围垦工程降低了崇明东滩大型底栖动物次级生产力;围垦工程对大型底栖动物功能群结构造成一定影响。采用ABC曲线、H'、分类学多样性指数、BOPA指数、海洋底栖生物指数AMBI和多变量海洋底栖生物指数M-AMBI评价崇明东滩潮间带生境健康状况。分类学多样性指数和BOPA指数评价结果显示,各断面生境状况均优良;H'和ABC曲线评价结果显示,S1断面生境状况优良,S2、S3和S5断面良好,S4断面一般;AMBI评价结果显示,断面S1-S4生境状况良好,S5断面优良;M-AMBI评价结果显示,断面S1、S3和S5生境状况优良,S2和S4良好。以上结果表明,放牧对大型底栖动物群落结构具有一定影响,对该区域生境状况造成一定干扰;围垦工程会对余留自然潮滩大型底栖动物群落结构造成一定影响,对该区域生境状况造成一定干扰。2.镉胁迫对无齿螳臂相手蟹脂肪代谢的影响为检测围垦造成的重金属富集对大型底栖动物物种的影响,本文选取长江口大型底栖动物常见优势种无齿螳臂相手蟹为研究对象,探究重金属镉对其脂肪代谢的影响。设置4个镉胁迫组(0.05、0.1、0.5和1mg/L)和对照组,研究重金属镉对无齿螳臂相手蟹鳃、肝胰腺的组织学影响;以及重金属对其体内脂肪物质含量,脂肪分解、合成和转运代谢相关酶活性、基因表达的影响。结果显示,镉染毒组鳃组织鳃叶厚度增加、血腔中血细胞数目增加、鳃叶末端亚几丁质空间缩小;经镉染毒后,肝胰腺线粒体膜结构开始出现破坏,嵴排列出现紊乱,嵴数量减少,长度变短甚至消失;细胞核高度异染色质化,核仁增大,核膜出现变形,甚至破裂;微绒毛脱落,厚度变薄;P/Ca颗粒的同心圆层数减少,甚至消失;并且有较高的空泡化现象。与对照组相比,随着镉胁迫浓度的增加和时间的延长,无齿螳臂相手蟹肝胰腺、卵巢组织的脂肪含量逐渐下降;淋巴中甘油三酯、总胆固醇含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且具有一定的浓度和时间效应。脂肪消化酶在14d和21d较对照组显著下降;肝胰腺脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)、卵巢ACC酶活性和淋巴中的游离脂肪酸含量在时间上总体呈现先上升后下降趋势;卵巢FAS和肝胰腺脂蛋白脂酶活性、淋巴中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)含量呈现下降趋势。淋巴中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)含量较对照组显著升高;镉染毒组肝胰腺和卵巢脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABP)、FAS基因表达量较对照组先上升后下降趋势。以上结果表明重金属镉降低了无齿螳臂相手蟹体内脂肪含量,且可能是通过削弱其摄取(消化)、转运及合成脂肪的能力。3.长江口人工牡蛎礁生态修复效果调查研究为检测人工修复(增殖放流牡蛎)的效果,于增殖放流前(2016年4月)和增殖放流后(2016年9月)对人工牡蛎礁的大型底栖动物进行了跟踪监测。结果显示,低盐度区域S2和N2无牡蛎、藤壶和底栖动物生长;南侧S5和S8断面的牡蛎、藤壶丰度和生物量均上升;北侧N6、N9断面牡蛎丰度基本不变,但生物量增加;N9藤壶生物量、密度均增加;N6藤壶生物量、密度减少。增殖放流前后,各断面区域大型底栖动物物种数、丰度、生物量及多样性指数均增加。DCA分析结果显示,藤壶丰度与大型底栖动物物种数、生物多样性指数H'、J、d呈正相关关系。牡蛎丰度与物种数N呈正相关关系。表明增殖放流牡蛎对大型底栖动物群落结构具有一定促进作用。采用ABC曲线、H'、分类学多样性指数、AMBI和M-AMBI评价人工牡蛎礁生境健康状况。结果显示,增殖放流后各断面区域生境状况均较放流前有所改善。以上结果表明,在中高盐度区域,增殖放流牡蛎对生境状况有一定改善作用。
[Abstract]:Chongming Dongtan is the largest estuarine tidal tidal flat wetland in the Yangtze Estuary. It is one of the global ecological sensitive areas. It is a transit station and overwintering place for migratory migratory birds. It is an important habitat for rare and endangered birds; it is also the place of spawning and migratory passage for aquatic animals. It plays an important role in the establishment of national bird nature reserve in Dongtan, Chongming. It is accepted as a member of the East Asian Australian bird protection area network. It is a type of A2 wetland ecosystem with international significance. It is included in the list of Chinese and international important wetlands. The habitats of Chongming Dongtan have aroused great attention and concern of scholars both at home and abroad. As a result of the special location of Chongming east beach, its ecological environment is highly susceptible to natural activities and human activities, such as typhoon, reclamation, pollution and other natural activities. Although the nature reserve has been established in the east beach of Chongming, the protected areas are still affected by human activities such as grazing, reclamation and other activities. These human activities will make the species diversity and habitats of Chongming east beach. The influence of the macrozoobenthos on the macrozoobenthos community structure of Chongming Dongtan and the influence of environmental problems caused by human activities on the dominant species of Macrobenthos in the east beach of Dongtan, and to try to explore the ecological repair of the artificial oyster reef to the east beach of Chongming. The results are as follows: 1. the effects of human activities on the structure of the Macrobenthos Community in Chongming Dongtan study in April 2016 (spring), July (summer), October (Autumn) and December (winter), a quantitative survey was carried out on the benthic Zoobenthos in the intertidal zone of Dongtan, Chongming. In connection with the current situation in the east beach of Chongming, 5 samples (S1-S5) were set up. The area of human activity interferes with the region; the S2 region is mainly affected by grazing, and the S3-S5 region is the residual tidal flat of the reclamation project. The results show that the number of species in each region is small, the density presents a trend of S2S1S3S4S5, the biomass is S2S1S3S4S5, the.Margalef species richness index D, the Pielou species evenness index J and Shannon-Wiener species diversity The sex index H'has significant differences between the sections. Compared with the historical data of 2012 (pre reclamation), the number of S1, S2 and S3 species is unchanged, the number of S4 and S5 species decreases.S1, S2 biomass increases, S3-S5 biomass decreases, S1 abundance increases, S2-S5 abundance decreases. The above results show that the natural tidal flat without interference is self restoring ability; grazing on large bottom The biomass of large benthic species, density and biomass of the macrobenthos in Chongming Dongtan, Chongming, the secondary productivity of the east beach of Dongtan, in 2016, showed a downward trend compared with the historical data, and the decline rate was S5S4S3S2S1. in 2016. The functional groups of Macrobenthos in Ming Dong beach are mainly composed of phytoplankton eaters P1, plant eater Ph, omnivorous C, meat eater O and detrital D. The functional groups of S1, S2 and S3 are homogeneous, but the functional groups of S4 and S5 are uneven. The results showed that grazing and reclamation reduced the large benthic Zoobenthos in Chongming east beach. ABC curve, H', taxonomic diversity index, BOPA index, marine benthic index AMBI and multivariable marine benthic index M-AMBI were used to evaluate the health status of the intertidal zone of Chongming east beach. Taxonomic diversity index and BOPA index evaluation were used. The results showed that the habitats of each section were excellent, and the results of H'and ABC curves showed that the habitat of S1 section was excellent, S2, S3 and S5 were good, and S4 section was general. AMBI evaluation results showed that the condition of S1-S4 habitat was good and the S5 section was good. Grazing has a certain influence on the structure of the Macrobenthos Community, causing a certain disturbance to the habitat of the region, and the reclamation project will have a certain influence on the structure of the Macrobenthos Community in the remaining natural tidal flats, causing certain interference with the habitat status of the region and the influence of.2. cadmium stress on the fat metabolism of the antoothed mantling arm crab. The effect of heavy metal enrichment on the species of large benthic animals was studied. In this paper, the effects of heavy metal cadmium on its fat metabolism were investigated in this paper, and 4 cadmium stress groups (0.05,0.1,0.5 and 1mg/L) and control groups were set up to study the heavy metal cadmium to the toothless mantling arm. The influence of the histology of the hepatopancreas and the histology of the hepatopancreas, as well as the effects of heavy metals on the content of fatty substances, adipose decomposition, synthesis and transport of metabolism related enzymes in the body, and the effect of gene expression. The results showed that the thickness of gill leaves in the gill tissue of the cadmium exposure group increased, the number of blood cells in the blood cavity increased, the subchitin space at the end of the branchial leaves reduced; after cadmium exposure, the hepatopancreas were exposed to cadmium. The mitochondrial membrane structure began to destroy, the ridge arrangement was disorganized, the number of crista decreased, the length shortened or even disappeared; the nucleus height heterochromatin, nucleolus increased, the nuclear membrane deformed, even ruptured; the microvilli fell off, the thickness became thinner; the number of concentric circles of P/Ca particles decreased and even disappeared; and there was a higher vacuolization phenomenon. And control group. In contrast, with the increase of concentration of cadmium stress and the prolongation of time, the fat content in the liver and pancreas of the crabs was gradually decreased, and the content of triglyceride in the lymph was increased first and then decreased, with a certain concentration and time effect. The fat digestible enzyme decreased significantly in 14d and 21d than in the control group. Glandular fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), ovarian ACC enzyme activity and free fatty acid content in the lymph were on the rise and then descended in the whole time; the content of FAS and hepatopancreas lipoprotein lipase and lymphatic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) showed a decline trend. The content of sterol (LDL) was significantly higher than that in the control group; the expression of FAS gene in the hepatopancreas and ovary of the cadmium exposure group increased first and then decreased. The results showed that the heavy metal cadmium decreased the fat content in the hand crabs of the non toothed mantine mantling arm, and could be able to transfer and synthesize fat by weakening its intake (digestion). The effect of the ecological restoration of artificial oyster reef on the Changjiang Estuary was investigated to detect the effect of artificial restoration (proliferation of oyster oysters). The large benthic animals of the artificial oyster reef were tracked and monitored before the proliferation and release (April 2016) and the proliferation and release (September 2016). The results showed that the low salinity area had no oyster, barnacle and bottom in S2 and N2. The abundance and biomass of the oysters on the south side of S5 and S8 were increased; the abundance of oysters in the north side N6 and N9 were basically unchanged, but the biomass increased; the biomass and density of the N9 barnacle increased; the N6 barnacle biomass and density decreased. The number, abundance, biomass and diversity of the large benthic species in each section before and after the proliferation and release were indicated. The results of.DCA analysis showed that the abundance of barnacles was positively related to the number of macrozoobenthos, the biodiversity index H', J and D. The oyster abundance was positively correlated with the number of species, indicating that the proliferation and release of oysters had a certain promotion to the structure of the macrozoobenthos community. The ABC curve, H', taxonomic diversity index, AMBI were used. The health status of the artificial oyster reef was evaluated by M-AMBI and the results showed that the habitats of each section of the cross section were better than that before the release. The above results showed that in the middle and high salinity areas, the proliferation of oysters had a certain effect on the habitat condition.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：Q958.8

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