焉耆盆地主要分水枢纽工程对植被覆盖变化的影响

发布时间：2019-06-11 03:13

【摘要】：水是生命之源,人类生产活动和社会发展都离不开水,随着经济社会发展对水的需求越来越大,造成在一些地区,尤其是水资源原本就奇缺的干旱区生产生活用水挤占生态用水,从而导致生态环境不断恶化,进而影响社会经济发展。为了改善已经开始恶化的生态环境,一些目的在于改善生态的水利工程陆续开展。在国外20世纪初开始建设水利工程,重点研究河流水文流量、频率、持续时间、出现的时机和水文条件变率等要素变化对维持生态系统生物多样性和整体性的影响,而在国内20世纪70年代末到21世纪,水利工程数量快速增长,多数研究主要讨论物种、种群、群落、生态系统等在不同尺度上生态效应研究。由于水利工程对生态与环境的影响是长期的、缓慢的、潜在的和极其复杂的。水利工程建成后对生态环境将产生一定的影响,通过自然的修复与调节,能够达到新的生态结构平衡,而人类活动的增强,如旅游活动的开展,必将影响及打破新的平衡,形成动态的生态系统结构。因此,开展水利工程生态效应评价工作,研究如何采取积极应对措施使动态的环境系统的改变朝着对人类有利的方向发展,对实现可持续发展和生态环境的双利双嬴‖是具有十分重要的现实意义和应用价值。科学的分析水利工程生态效应,辨析水利工程建设对生态环境的影响,为区域水利工程与生态生态环境协调发展提供重要的理论依据。本研究采用前人的研究基础上,结合Landsat遥感数据、水文数据及野外调查为主要数据源,分析焉耆盆地主要分水枢纽工程(第一、第二、第三分水枢纽工程)建设前后的LUCC变化、径流量变化以及植被覆盖变化趋势,并且进一步探讨了水利工程建设对焉耆盆地生态效应影响。结果表明:(1)分水枢纽工程建成以后,研究区土地利用动态度处于增加趋势,其中耕地的增长尤为明显,分别为104.9%、57%和176%,而裸地面积减少53.8%、减少11%和增加31%。(2)通过对水利工程建设前后的水资源利用效率与流域生态环境质量进行对比分析,得知第一分水枢纽站建成以后增加了6.77×10~8 m~3输水量和减少损失水量1.045×10~8 m~3,第三分水枢纽站建成后,进入博斯腾湖的多年平均径流量增加至15.46×10~8 m~3,表明水利工程可以有效地调节开都河绿洲区水资源的时空分布,满足人类需求的水资源利用。(3)水利工程建成后,研究区植被覆盖度和生物量呈现增加趋势,属于非植被类型区域的裸露土地逐渐减少,说明水利工程的建设对生态环境有修复作用。总之,分水枢纽工程能改善开都河引水和分配条件,有效利用水资源,实现了最初的目标,为干旱区水利工程生态效应研究提供了参考依据。
[Abstract]:Water is the source of life, and human production activities and social development can not be separated from water. With the economic and social development, the demand for water is increasing, resulting in some areas. Especially, the production and domestic water in the arid area, which is scarce in the first place, occupies the ecological water, which leads to the deterioration of the ecological environment and then affects the social and economic development. In order to improve the ecological environment, some water conservancy projects aimed at improving ecology have been carried out one after another. Water conservancy projects began to be built in foreign countries at the beginning of the 20th century, focusing on the effects of river hydrological flow, frequency, duration, timing and variability of hydrological conditions on the maintenance of ecosystem biodiversity and integrity. From the late 1970s to the 21st century, the number of water conservancy projects increased rapidly in China. Most of the studies mainly discuss the ecological effects of species, populations, communities, ecosystems and so on different scales. Because the influence of water conservancy project on ecology and environment is long-term, slow, potential and extremely complex. After the completion of water conservancy projects, it will have a certain impact on the ecological environment. Through natural restoration and adjustment, a new ecological structure balance can be achieved, and the enhancement of human activities, such as the development of tourism activities, will certainly affect and break the new balance. Form a dynamic ecosystem structure. Therefore, we should carry out the evaluation of ecological effects of water conservancy projects and study how to take positive measures to make the change of dynamic environmental system develop in a direction beneficial to human beings. It is of great practical significance and application value to realize sustainable development and ecological environment. The ecological effect of water conservancy project is analyzed scientifically, and the influence of water conservancy project construction on ecological environment is analyzed, which provides an important theoretical basis for the coordinated development of regional water conservancy project and ecological environment. On the basis of previous studies, combined with Landsat remote sensing data, hydrological data and field survey as the main data sources, this study analyzes the changes of LUCC before and after the construction of the main water distribution hub projects in Yanqi Basin (first, second and third water hub projects). The variation trend of runoff and vegetation cover is discussed, and the influence of water conservancy project construction on the ecological effect of Yanqi Basin is further discussed. The results show that: (1) after the completion of the water distribution hub project, the dynamic attitude of land use in the study area is in an increasing trend, especially the increase of cultivated land is 104.9%, 57% and 17.6%, respectively, while the area of bare land decreases by 53.8%. Decrease by 11% and increase by 31%. (2) through the comparative analysis of water resources utilization efficiency and river basin ecological environment quality before and after the construction of water conservancy projects, It is found that after the completion of the first water distribution hub station, the amount of water transported by 6.77 脳 10 ~ 8 m / 3 has been increased and the lost water quantity has been reduced by 1.045 脳 10 ~ 8 m / 3. After the completion of the third water distribution hub station, the annual average runoff into Bosten Lake has increased to 15.46 脳 10 ~ 8 m / 3. The results show that the water conservancy project can effectively adjust the temporal and spatial distribution of water resources in the Oasis area of Kedu River and meet the needs of human beings. (3) after the completion of the water conservancy project, the vegetation coverage and biomass in the study area show an increasing trend. The bare land belonging to non-vegetation type area decreases gradually, which indicates that the construction of water conservancy project plays an important role in repairing the ecological environment. In a word, the water distribution hub project can improve the water diversion and distribution conditions of Kaidu River, make effective use of water resources, achieve the initial goal, and provide a reference for the study of ecological effects of water conservancy projects in arid areas.
【学位授予单位】：新疆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：Q948

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