柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖地区风沙地貌发育环境与过程
发布时间：2018-07-29 17:13
【摘要】：柴达木盆地是中国风沙地貌分布典型地区,是开展行星风沙地貌比较研究的理想场所。但是由于极端严酷的自然条件,对柴达木盆地的认识还十分有限,对其风沙地貌特征及形成和演化过程尚不够清楚。因此,有必要深入沙漠腹地了解风沙地貌发育环境和形成过程,以期为理解高寒地区沙漠化的过程,丰富区域风沙地貌学的研究成果提供支撑。本文在两次深入柴达木盆地考察的基础上,收集了察尔汗盐湖地区不同地貌类型沉积物和沙丘表层风况等基础数据,分析了柴达木盆地风沙地貌的发育环境;利用WV-1全色数据遥感影像、Google earth高清影像和1:5万区域等高线地形图等数据,对风沙地貌宏观格局和沙丘形态参数进行了测算,探讨了典型沙丘的发育过程和影响因子,对沙丘共生地貌格局形成过程进行了初步推断,得出研究结论如下:1.研究区沙丘表层沉积物平均粒径介于0.79Φ～5.11Φ,以细沙为主;分选系数平均值为0.69;偏度平均值为0.11;峰度平均值为1.25。粒度参数反映沉积环境复杂,但以风力沉积为主。沉积物矿物构成特征表现为轻矿物以石英、长石为主,石盐等不稳定组份并存,线形沙丘的石盐含量为13.25%,新月形沙丘为2.0%。重矿物中角闪石、黑云母等不稳定矿物所占比例较高;重矿物特征指数AT;指数均值为68.82,GZi指数均值为80.91,ZTR指数均值为2.15,指示柴达木盆地地表沉积物重矿物成熟度不高,物源较近。地表沉积物中易溶盐含量介于0.483%～42.935%之间,均值为19.601%。阳离子以Na+为主,平均含量为6.286%;阴离子以Cl-为主,平均含量为10.894%;盆地边缘冲积扇以硫酸盐为主,盆地中心及盐湖附近以氯盐为主。线形沙丘沉积物中易溶盐含量高于新月形沙丘。2.柴达木盆地地面风场在行星风系西风急流北支绕流的影响下,盛行稳定的西北气流。高原季风和柴达木盆地低压导致风速和风向存在着季节变化,全年平均风速为3.7m·s-1,最大值出现在春季,最小值出现在冬季;月平均风速最大值出现在4月,最低值出现在12月。起沙风风向以NW、WNW为主,线形沙丘分布区存在呈45°夹角的两组次风向。柴达木盆地整体属于中风能环境,合成输沙方向为西北、西,风向变率指数为中比率和高比率,对应风向变率为中变率和低变率,宽单峰型风况和锐双峰型风况。3.柴达木盆地中风沙地貌的分布面积为3.95×104km2,其中风蚀地貌面积为2.64×104km2,流动沙漠面积为1.31×104km2。风沙地貌空间分布宏观格局具有大分散,小集中的特征。按照区域位置和下伏地貌相结合的办法,将柴达木盆地风沙地貌划分4个风沙地貌区。线形沙丘走向基本保持在289°～298°之间,沙丘高度基本保持在10～20m,沙丘宽度平均值介于30～40m,沙丘宽高比约为4:1,沙丘长度多在1～2km,丘顶间距平均值介于100～200m。沙丘形态自东南向西北表现出由长而平直的直线型转变为短而高的"Y"型。新月形沙丘迎风坡长与背风坡长之比为3～5倍;沙丘高度为10～20m,兽角宽度为80～140m,宽高比大致保持在8～10倍。新月形沙丘主要分布在沙源供应相对不足的沙漠边缘地区。新月形沙丘链迎风坡长约为139.4m,背风坡长约为22.4m,沙丘间距介于84.3～170.4m,沙丘脊线走向为196°～258°,新月形沙丘链沙丘成熟度表现为沙漠边缘地带低,中心地带高。4.高山深盆、南缓北陡的地势特征,"南丰北贫"的现代水系格局及其影响下的河流阶地和冲积扇,是区域风沙地貌发育和演变的主要驱动因子。盐湖退化形成湖积平原及易溶盐类物质的存在,进一步改变了风沙地貌的形态和格局。柴达木盆地基底大约形成于第四纪晚更新世末次冰期,大规模出现的时间可能是在12.5ka B.P左右,沙漠为波动式发展演化模式,形成"西风-季风型"沙漠。研究区直线型线形沙丘的发育与处于下风向的湖积平原满足大规模纵向卷轴涡流形成有关;"Y"型线形沙丘的发育可能与风成沙中含有较高比例的粉沙黏土与易溶盐的关系更为紧密;障碍型线形沙丘主要发育在流线型雅丹体的背风侧。新月形沙丘及沙丘链的发育受下垫面性质、细粒湖相沉积物以及易溶盐在风成沙中的比例增加等因素影响,出现由复杂形态向简单形态的逆向演替。单一而稳定的区域风况是沙丘共生地貌格局发育的基本条件,平坦开阔而均一的干盐滩下垫面是沙丘共生地貌格局发育的关键因素,沉积物中含有一定比例的易溶盐和粉沙黏土是沙丘共生地貌格局发育的重要原因。
[Abstract]:The Qaidam Basin is a typical area for the distribution of wind sand landforms in China. It is an ideal place to carry out the comparative study of the aeolian geomorphology of the planets. However, because of the extreme harsh natural conditions, the understanding of the Qaidam Basin is still very limited. It is not clear that the characteristics and formation and evolution process of the wind sand geomorphology are not clear. The development environment and formation process of aeolian landforms are expected to provide support for understanding the process of desertification in the high and cold regions and enriching the research results of regional geomorphology. On the basis of two in-depth investigation of the Qaidam Basin, the basic data of the sediments of different geomorphic types and the surface wind conditions of the sand dunes in the Chai Khan Saline Lake area have been collected and analyzed. The development environment of wind sand landforms in the Qaidam Basin, the data of WV-1 panchromatic data remote sensing image, Google earth high definition image and the contour map of 1:5 ten thousand regions, have been used to calculate the macroscopic pattern of sand dunes and the morphological parameters of sand dunes, and the development process and influence factors of typical sand dunes are discussed, and the symbiotic landform pattern of sand dunes is formed. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. the average particle size of the surface sediments in the sand dunes in the 1. research area is between 0.79 and 5.11 mm, with fine sand mainly, the average value of the separation coefficient is 0.69, the average of the skewness is 0.11, and the average value of the kurtosis is 1.25. granularity parameter reflecting the complex sedimentary environment, but the wind deposition is the main form of the sediment mineral composition table. There are light minerals with quartz, feldspar mainly, rock salt and other unstable components coexist, the stone salt content of linear sand dunes is 13.25%, the crescent dunes are 2.0%. heavy minerals in the hornblende, black mica, and other unstable minerals, and the heavy mineral characteristic index AT, the mean value of the index is 80.91, the mean of the GZi index is 80.91, the mean of the ZTR index is 2.15, indicating the wood. The heavy mineral maturity of the surface sediments of the Da Mu basin is not high and the source is near. The soluble salt content in the surface sediments is between 0.483% and 42.935%, the mean value of 19.601%. cation is Na+, the average content is 6.286%, the anion is mainly Cl- and the average content is 10.894%; the basin edge alluvial fan is mainly sulphate, the center of the basin and the Saline Lake are attached. The content of soluble salt in the sediment of linear sand dune is higher than that of crescent dune sand dune.2.. The wind velocity and wind direction of the plateau monsoon and Qaidam Basin are seasonal changes, and the average wind speed is 3.7m s-1. The maximum value appears in spring, the minimum value appears in the winter, the maximum monthly wind speed appears in April, the minimum value appears in December. The wind direction of the sand wind is NW, WNW, and the linear sand dune distribution area has 45 degrees of wind direction. The Qaidam Basin belongs to the middle wind energy environment, the direction of synthetic sediment transport is northwest, West and the wind direction variation index is The ratio and high ratio, the variation rate of wind direction change and the low variation rate, the distribution area of the wind and sand landforms in the.3. Qaidam Basin, the wide single peak wind condition and the sharp Shuangfeng type wind condition, is 3.95 x 104km2, of which the wind erosion landform area is 2.64 x 104km2, the flow desert area is 1.31 * 104km2. wind sand geomorphic spatial distribution macro pattern with large dispersion and small size. In accordance with the combination of regional and lower volt surface features, the wind sand landforms in the Qaidam Basin are divided into 4 wind sand landforms. The alignment of the linear sand dunes is basically between 289 and 298 degrees. The sand dune height is basically maintained at 10 ~ 20m, the average value of the sand dune width is between 30 and 40m, the sand dune width and height ratio is about 4:1, and the sand dunes are more than 1 to 2km in length. The average value of the dome distance between 100 and 200m. shows a short and high "Y" form from the southeast to the northwest. The ratio of the length of the upwind slope to the leeward slope of the crescent dunes is 3~5 times, the sand dune height is 10 to 20m, the width of the beast angle is 80 ~ 140m, the width to height ratio is roughly 8~10 times. The main crescent dunes are mainly The upwind slope of the crescent sand dune chain is about 139.4m, the leeward slope is about 22.4m, the sand dune distance is between 84.3 and 170.4m, the sand dune ridge line is 196 to 258 degrees, the crescent dune chain sand dune maturity is low in the desert edge zone, the center zone is high.4. Alpine deep basin, and the south is slow to the north. The terrain features, the modern water system pattern of "Nanfeng North poverty" and the river terrace and alluvial fan under its influence, are the main driving factors for the development and evolution of the regional aeolian sand landforms. The deterioration of Saline Lake forms the existence of the lacustrine plain and the soluble salt material, which further changes the morphology and pattern of the wind sand landforms. The Qaidam basin basement is about to be formed in the first place. The period of the late Pleistocene in the late four period was probably around 12.5ka B.P, and the desert was a wave type development and evolution model, forming a "westerly monsoon" desert. The development of linear linear sand dunes in the study area was related to the formation of the large-scale longitudinal scroll formation in the lacustrine plain in the lower wind direction; the development of "Y" type linear sand dunes was developed. It may be more closely related to the high proportion of sandy clay and soluble salt in the aeolian sand, and the obstacle type linear sand dunes are mainly developed in the leeward side of the streamlined Yalan. The development of the crescent dunes and sand dunes is affected by the underlying surface properties, the fine lacustrine sediments and the increase in the proportion of soluble salts in the aeolian sand, and so on. A single and stable regional wind condition is the basic condition for the development of the symbiotic geomorphic pattern of sand dunes. The flat and open and uniform dry salt flat surface is the key factor for the development of the symbiotic geomorphic pattern in the sand dunes. The sediment contains a certain proportion of soluble salt and sand clay as the symbiotic geomorphology of the dunes. An important reason for the development of the Bureau.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：P931.3
本文编号：2153408
[Abstract]:The Qaidam Basin is a typical area for the distribution of wind sand landforms in China. It is an ideal place to carry out the comparative study of the aeolian geomorphology of the planets. However, because of the extreme harsh natural conditions, the understanding of the Qaidam Basin is still very limited. It is not clear that the characteristics and formation and evolution process of the wind sand geomorphology are not clear. The development environment and formation process of aeolian landforms are expected to provide support for understanding the process of desertification in the high and cold regions and enriching the research results of regional geomorphology. On the basis of two in-depth investigation of the Qaidam Basin, the basic data of the sediments of different geomorphic types and the surface wind conditions of the sand dunes in the Chai Khan Saline Lake area have been collected and analyzed. The development environment of wind sand landforms in the Qaidam Basin, the data of WV-1 panchromatic data remote sensing image, Google earth high definition image and the contour map of 1:5 ten thousand regions, have been used to calculate the macroscopic pattern of sand dunes and the morphological parameters of sand dunes, and the development process and influence factors of typical sand dunes are discussed, and the symbiotic landform pattern of sand dunes is formed. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. the average particle size of the surface sediments in the sand dunes in the 1. research area is between 0.79 and 5.11 mm, with fine sand mainly, the average value of the separation coefficient is 0.69, the average of the skewness is 0.11, and the average value of the kurtosis is 1.25. granularity parameter reflecting the complex sedimentary environment, but the wind deposition is the main form of the sediment mineral composition table. There are light minerals with quartz, feldspar mainly, rock salt and other unstable components coexist, the stone salt content of linear sand dunes is 13.25%, the crescent dunes are 2.0%. heavy minerals in the hornblende, black mica, and other unstable minerals, and the heavy mineral characteristic index AT, the mean value of the index is 80.91, the mean of the GZi index is 80.91, the mean of the ZTR index is 2.15, indicating the wood. The heavy mineral maturity of the surface sediments of the Da Mu basin is not high and the source is near. The soluble salt content in the surface sediments is between 0.483% and 42.935%, the mean value of 19.601%. cation is Na+, the average content is 6.286%, the anion is mainly Cl- and the average content is 10.894%; the basin edge alluvial fan is mainly sulphate, the center of the basin and the Saline Lake are attached. The content of soluble salt in the sediment of linear sand dune is higher than that of crescent dune sand dune.2.. The wind velocity and wind direction of the plateau monsoon and Qaidam Basin are seasonal changes, and the average wind speed is 3.7m s-1. The maximum value appears in spring, the minimum value appears in the winter, the maximum monthly wind speed appears in April, the minimum value appears in December. The wind direction of the sand wind is NW, WNW, and the linear sand dune distribution area has 45 degrees of wind direction. The Qaidam Basin belongs to the middle wind energy environment, the direction of synthetic sediment transport is northwest, West and the wind direction variation index is The ratio and high ratio, the variation rate of wind direction change and the low variation rate, the distribution area of the wind and sand landforms in the.3. Qaidam Basin, the wide single peak wind condition and the sharp Shuangfeng type wind condition, is 3.95 x 104km2, of which the wind erosion landform area is 2.64 x 104km2, the flow desert area is 1.31 * 104km2. wind sand geomorphic spatial distribution macro pattern with large dispersion and small size. In accordance with the combination of regional and lower volt surface features, the wind sand landforms in the Qaidam Basin are divided into 4 wind sand landforms. The alignment of the linear sand dunes is basically between 289 and 298 degrees. The sand dune height is basically maintained at 10 ~ 20m, the average value of the sand dune width is between 30 and 40m, the sand dune width and height ratio is about 4:1, and the sand dunes are more than 1 to 2km in length. The average value of the dome distance between 100 and 200m. shows a short and high "Y" form from the southeast to the northwest. The ratio of the length of the upwind slope to the leeward slope of the crescent dunes is 3~5 times, the sand dune height is 10 to 20m, the width of the beast angle is 80 ~ 140m, the width to height ratio is roughly 8~10 times. The main crescent dunes are mainly The upwind slope of the crescent sand dune chain is about 139.4m, the leeward slope is about 22.4m, the sand dune distance is between 84.3 and 170.4m, the sand dune ridge line is 196 to 258 degrees, the crescent dune chain sand dune maturity is low in the desert edge zone, the center zone is high.4. Alpine deep basin, and the south is slow to the north. The terrain features, the modern water system pattern of "Nanfeng North poverty" and the river terrace and alluvial fan under its influence, are the main driving factors for the development and evolution of the regional aeolian sand landforms. The deterioration of Saline Lake forms the existence of the lacustrine plain and the soluble salt material, which further changes the morphology and pattern of the wind sand landforms. The Qaidam basin basement is about to be formed in the first place. The period of the late Pleistocene in the late four period was probably around 12.5ka B.P, and the desert was a wave type development and evolution model, forming a "westerly monsoon" desert. The development of linear linear sand dunes in the study area was related to the formation of the large-scale longitudinal scroll formation in the lacustrine plain in the lower wind direction; the development of "Y" type linear sand dunes was developed. It may be more closely related to the high proportion of sandy clay and soluble salt in the aeolian sand, and the obstacle type linear sand dunes are mainly developed in the leeward side of the streamlined Yalan. The development of the crescent dunes and sand dunes is affected by the underlying surface properties, the fine lacustrine sediments and the increase in the proportion of soluble salts in the aeolian sand, and so on. A single and stable regional wind condition is the basic condition for the development of the symbiotic geomorphic pattern of sand dunes. The flat and open and uniform dry salt flat surface is the key factor for the development of the symbiotic geomorphic pattern in the sand dunes. The sediment contains a certain proportion of soluble salt and sand clay as the symbiotic geomorphology of the dunes. An important reason for the development of the Bureau.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：P931.3
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