南北贸易、产权制度对发展中国家生态资源的影响研究

发布时间：2017-12-28 03:29

  本文关键词：南北贸易、产权制度对发展中国家生态资源的影响研究　出处：《华中科技大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 南北贸易 产权制度 生态资源 贫瘠化

【摘要】：生态资源是人类赖以生存的物质基础,是现代经济增长的基本投入要素之一。对于工业化起步较晚的发展中国家来说,近三十年来快速的经济增长,使其对生态资源的需求呈现前所未有的上升。随之而来的生态资源的过度开采,导致发展中国家的生态资源基础被逐渐削弱,出现了贫瘠化的趋势。而这一生态资源问题,正日益成为发展中国家社会与经济向前发展的制约因素。世界大部分发展中国家拥有两个类似的特征：一是随着世界经济一体化的不断推进,近三十年来发展中国家进行了不同程度的贸易自由化改革,减少贸易壁垒,对发达国家贸易迅速增长；二是国内制度不完善,尤其是生态资源产权制度是非市场型的,主要表现在对生态资源产权的维护强度较低、产权归属不明晰以及产权管理相关法律法规不完善三个方面。因此,我们不禁要问,南北贸易与非市场型的产权制度是否导致了发展中国家生态资源趋于逐渐贫瘠化?基于这个问题,本文提出“非市场型的产权制度导致发展中国家生态资源趋于贫瘠化”的假说,试图在逻辑上对这一假说的作用机制进行论证,并在数理模型与实证分析上对其加以证明。根据资源增长方式的不同,生态资源可分为三类：第一类是非生物性可再生资源,主要包括土地资源和水资源等,这类资源没有生命且存量基本固定,随着资源不断使用,质量可能逐渐下降,但如果保护得当,可以恢复和循环使用。第二类是生物性可再生资源,主要包括各种动物、植物和微生物资源等,这类资源有生命且存量按照某种增长方式增长。第三类是不可再生资源,主要包括煤炭、石油、天然气与矿石资源等,这类资源存量固定且在使用过程中,存量会不断减少,具有明显的可耗竭性。针对三类生态资源的不同特点,本文考察的侧重点有所不同。首先,对于非生物性可再生资源,由于其存量基本固定且可以恢复和循环使用,本文考察的侧重点在于南北贸易与产权制度对资源质量的影响,本文将资源质量下降称之为“退化”；其次,对于生物性可再生资源,由于其存量按照某一增长方式增长,本文考察的侧重点在于南北贸易与产权制度对资源存量的影响,本文将资源存量下降称之为“损耗”：然后,对于不可再生资源,由于其存量固定且具有明显的可耗竭性,本文考察的侧重点在于南北贸易与产权制度对资源开采速度的影响,本文将资源开采速度加快称之为“加速开采”。最后,对于生态资源的整体,本文将其“质量退化”、“存量损耗”与“开采加速”概括为生态资源逐渐“贫瘠化”。根据生态资源的分类方法,本文分别考察南北贸易与产权制度对发展中国家三类生态资源的影响,从以下六个方面展开：第一,以中国为例分析了发展中国家生态资源存量的变化趋势,发现发展中国家生态资源存量处于不断减少的过程之中。接着分析了导致发展中国家生态资源存量不断减少的因素,发现南北贸易与非市场型的产权制度起着重要作用。然后进一步阐述了开放贸易下非市场型的产权制度导致发展中国家生态资源存量不断减少的作用机制。第二,在Brander and Taylor(1997)可再生资源标准模型基础上,引入内生的资源产权归属,考察南北贸易与不对称的资源产权归属对发展中国家非生物性可再生资源的影响。结果显示：南方国家基于优先发展工业的目标函数而内生地选择了公有制的资源产权归属方式,北方国家基于国民效用最大化的目标函数而内生地选择了私有制的资源产权归属方式。当开放到贸易以后,不对称的资源产权归属使南方国家非生物性可再生资源加速退化,而北方国家非生物性可再生资源得到保护。第三,在Brander and Taylor(1997)可再生资源标准模型基础上,分别引入对称的生物性可再生资源产权归属——南北方国家资源皆为国有,与不对称的生物性可再生资源产权归属——南方国家资源国有、北方国家资源私有,考察南北两国内生的产权维护强度及南北贸易对两国稳态资源存量的影响。结果显示：无论是对称的还是不对称的生物性可再生资源产权归属,南方国家产权维护强度低于北方国家,唯一地决定了南北贸易将导致南方国家资源存量逐渐下降,且长期福利水平下降；北方国家资源存量不断增加,且长期福利水平上升。因此。非市场型的产权制度导致了发展中国家生物性可再生资源趋于“损耗”。第四,建立了一个简单的不可再生资源数理模型,用以考察南北贸易与非市场型的产权制度对发展中国家不可再生资源开采的影响。为此,我们首先考察了开放贸易下不可再生资源的最优资源税/补贴选择,发现最优资源税/补贴与资源品的世界相对价格息息相关。接着分析了发展中国家较低的产权维护强度——资源税水平低于(或资源补贴水平高于)发达国家对其不可再生资源开采的影响,发现较低的产权维护强度导致不可再生资源加速开采。然后进一步分析了发展中国家资源产权归属面临的国有化风险对不可再生资源开采的影响,发现当国有化风险处于中间水平时,资源开采量急剧增长,这意味着资源被加速开采。因此,非市场型的产权制度导致了发展中国家不可再生资源“加速流失”。第五,使用现实世界数据检验本文的“非市场型的产权制度导致发展中国家生态资源趋于逐渐贫瘠化”假说。基于2002-2008年56个发展中国家与36个发达国际的面板数据,本文采用截面加权估计方法考察发展中国家非市场型的产权制度是否会导致其生态资源趋于逐渐贫瘠化,发达国家市场型的产权制度是否导致其生态资源得到保护,以及该过程是否通过南北贸易起主要作用。结果显示：非市场型的产权制度确实导致了发展中国家生态资源趋于逐渐贫瘠化,市场型的产权制度导致了发达国家生态资源得到保护,且该过程主要通过南北贸易起作用。因此,南北贸易只是发展中国家生态资源逐渐贫瘠化的渠道,是为“表面原因”,非市场型的产权制度才是导致发展中国家生态资源逐渐贫瘠化的真正影响因素,是为“本质原因”。最后,本文对发达国家完善的生态资源管理经验进行了总结。在此基础上,结合本文的研究结论,针对发展中国家的实际国情,本文提出了应对生态资源逐渐贫瘠化的政策建议。
[Abstract]:Ecological resources are the material basis for human survival, and one of the basic input elements of modern economic growth. For the developing countries with a late start of industrialization, the rapid economic growth in the past thirty years has made the demand for ecological resources rise unprecedentedly. The consequent overexploitation of ecological resources has led to the gradual weakening of the ecological resource base of developing countries, and the trend of barren and infertile. This problem of ecological resources is increasingly becoming a restrictive factor for the development of the society and economy in developing countries. Most developing countries in the world have two similar characteristics: one is with the integration of the world economy continues to advance, nearly thirty years of developing countries of trade liberalization reform in different degree, reduce trade barriers and trade in developed countries is rapidly growing; two is the system is not perfect, especially the ecological resources property rights system is non market type the property is mainly on the ecological resources of the maintenance of low strength and unclear property ownership and property management related laws and regulations is not perfect in three aspects. Therefore, we must ask the North South trade and non market type of property rights in developing countries tend to be barren of ecological resources? Based on this issue, this "non market type of property right system of the ecological resources in developing countries tends to impoverishment" hypothesis, trying to logically the mechanism of this hypothesis is demonstrated, and prove the mathematical model and empirical analysis. According to the growth pattern of different resources, ecological resources can be divided into three categories: the first category is non biological renewable resources, including land resources and water resources, such resources are not life and stock of basic fixed, with the growing use of resources, quality may gradually decline, but if properly protected, can be recovered and recycled. The second type is biological renewable resources, which mainly includes all kinds of animals, plants and microorganism resources. These resources have life and stock growth in a certain way. The third category is non renewable resources, including coal, oil, natural gas and ore resources. The stock of such resources is fixed and the stock will decrease continuously during the use process, which has obvious exhaustion. In view of the different characteristics of the three types of ecological resources, the emphasis of this paper is different. First of all, for the non biological renewable resources, because of its stock of basic fixed and can be recovered and recycled, the emphasis lies in the influence of North South trade and the property rights system of resource quality, the declining quality of resources called "degenerate"; secondly, for bio renewable resources, because of its stock in a growth this paper emphasizes the way of growth, lies in the influence of North South trade and property rights system of resources, the resource stock decline is called "loss": then, for non renewable resources, due to the stock of fixed and has obvious exhaustible, the emphasis lies in the influence of North South trade and the property rights system of mining rate the exploitation of resources, accelerate the speed of called "accelerated mining". Finally, for the entirety of ecological resources, the paper summarizes the "quality degradation", "stock loss" and "mining acceleration" as "gradual depletion of ecological resources". According to the classification of ecological resources, this paper investigated the influence of North South trade and the property rights system of ecological resources of three developing countries, from the following six aspects: first, to Chinese as an example to analyze the change trend of developing ecological resources, ecological resources development that is in a continuous process of reducing China. Then the factors that lead to the decreasing of the stock of ecological resources in developing countries have been analyzed, and it is found that the property rights system of the north and South trade and the non market type plays an important role. Then it further expounds the mechanism of the non market property rights system under open trade which leads to the continuous reduction of the stock of ecological resources in developing countries. Second, on the basis of Brander and Taylor (1997) renewable resource standard model, the endogenous property right attribution is introduced to investigate the impact of the North South trade and the asymmetric property right attribution on the abiotic renewable resources in developing countries. The results show that: Based on the priority function of the industrial development, the southern countries choose the ownership mode of the public ownership of resources in an endogenous way, and the northern countries choose the ownership mode of the private ownership of resources based on the objective function of the maximization of the national utility. After opening to trade, the attribution of asymmetric property rights of resources has accelerated the degradation of non biotic renewable resources in southern countries, while the abiotic renewable resources in northern countries have been protected. In third, Brander and Taylor (1997) based on the standard model of renewable resources, introducing symmetric biological renewable resources property rights -- North and south of the national resources are state-owned, and asymmetric biological renewable resources property rights - the national resources in the south, north of state-owned national resources on both the north and South in private, property maintenance effect North South trade on both steady state strength and resources. The results showed that: both the symmetric or asymmetric biological renewable resources property ownership, property maintenance strength is lower than the South North countries, only determine the North South trade will lead to the South resources gradually decreased, and the long-term welfare decline; the northern countries resources continue to increase, and the long-term welfare rise. So. The non market property rights system has led to the "loss" of biological renewable resources in developing countries. Fourth, a simple non renewable resource mathematical model is set up to examine the South and North Trade and non market property rights system to the developing countries
【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F752.6;F124.5
，

本文编号：1344412