国家与个人：中国援非农业专家的身份研究

发布时间：2018-05-09 17:28

  本文选题：援非专家 + 身份困境　； 参考：《中国农业大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：本研究把“个人生活”作为分析的“场域”,通过考察援非专家个人对于专家身份的认知过程和角色互动,建构起不同于传统对中国援非项目有效性讨论集中于制度分析的新的解释路径。本研究采用以实地观察和访谈为资料搜集方式的定性研究方法,以中国对非援助农业专家为研究对象,在中国对外关系的历史继承与发展的大背景下,以“身份”作为视角,从国家生产专家身份、专家在实地的角色遭遇、国内国外两个空间内的身份冲突三个层面讨论了个人对于援非专家这一身份的认知过程,力求揭示在援助场域内的国家与个人关系,从而解释中国对外援助的国家逻辑。在国家生产援非专家层面,国家生产专家并不是国家的独立考虑项目,作为附属问题,国家将原本在不同技术层次的个人通过组织过程生产出统一标准化的高水平“专家”群体,模糊了技术层面的差异性,使得国家在估计转换国内农业技术人员的群体身份难度时出现干扰,甚至出现在项目实施过程中规避了需要解决的政策矛盾。在个体的实践过程中,由于国家生产专家身份的缺损性,使得在出国前被国家以制度化、仪式化建构起来的意识形态上的国家认同在非洲鲜活的日常互动环境中遭遇了角色期待的矛盾,而导致角色认同不得不面临紊乱的困境。首先,中国的农业技术在对外传播路径上遭遇知识重构的缺陷,技术的平行移动逻辑使得中国农业技术的地方性知识在遭遇全球性知识逻辑的权力结构时丧失自我解释的力量；其次,项目设计使得专家的主体能动性的发挥被制度化管理压缩,导致专家在国内已形成的认知框架下的中国本土经验无法在当地文化和社会价值下进行深耕,缺乏制度性权力支持。在身份的空间转换过程中,专家既呈现为一种身份,也体现为一种职业。一方面,个体为获取专家身份不得不牺牲在日常生活中的角色轮换自由；另一方面,缺乏职业发展期待,甚至对职业角色认同造成紊乱,角色的不安全性等因素削弱了专家个人对职业化专家的认同。所以,在面临如此复杂的角色转换环境,在没有真正的标准化的关于专家角色的规定下,个人只能靠习惯性的感觉与判定去捕捉角色期待,这就意味着专家的角色转换处于一个相对的弱环境,而对于专家身份的认同表现为一种弱认同。本研究的结论是专家个人是国家的技术型代言人,作为国家中的个人,在以国家为主导的社会动员能力和以民族国家为核心的集体认同下,其对于对外关系的认知是建立在国家对外关系的价值基础之上的。专家的身份困境源自于国内官僚制度和单位组织化管理与被改造的碎片化的发展实践之间的矛盾,这在一定程度上弱化了中国援非项目的有效性。
[Abstract]:This study regards "personal life" as the "field" of analysis, and examines the cognitive process and role interaction of non-expert individuals on the identity of experts. Different from the traditional discussion on the effectiveness of China's aid projects in Africa, a new approach to explain the effectiveness of aid projects in China has been constructed and focused on institutional analysis. This study adopts the qualitative research method which takes the field observation and interview as the data collection method, takes the Chinese agricultural aid expert as the research object, under the background of the historical inheritance and development of China's foreign relations, takes the "identity" as the visual angle. In terms of the status of national production experts, the role of experts in the field, and the identity conflict in two spaces at home and abroad, this paper discusses the process of individual cognition of the identity of non-experts in aid. It tries to reveal the relationship between state and individual in the aid field, so as to explain the national logic of China's foreign aid. At the level of non-experts in national production assistance, national production experts are not independent projects of national consideration, as subsidiary issues, The state has created a unified and standardized "expert" group of individuals at different technical levels by organizing the process, thus blurring the differences in technology. It makes the government interfere in estimating the difficulty of transforming the identity of agricultural technicians in China, and even avoid the policy contradiction that needs to be solved in the process of project implementation. In the process of individual practice, because of the defect of the identity of the national production expert, it was institutionalized by the state before going abroad. The ideological national identity constructed by ritualization encounters the contradiction of role expectation in the fresh daily interaction environment in Africa, which leads to the dilemma of role identity having to face disorder. Firstly, China's agricultural technology encounters the defects of knowledge reconstruction in the path of external communication, and the parallel moving logic of technology makes the local knowledge of Chinese agricultural technology lose the power of self-explanation when it encounters the power structure of global knowledge logic. Secondly, the project design makes the exertion of the main body's initiative of the experts compressed by the system management, resulting in the experts' native experience in the domestic cognitive framework can not be deeply cultivated under the local culture and social value. Lack of institutional power support. In the process of spatial transformation of identity, experts present a kind of identity as well as a profession. On the one hand, individuals have to sacrifice their freedom of role rotation in daily life in order to gain expert status; on the other hand, they lack expectation of career development and even cause confusion to professional role identity. The role insecurity and other factors weaken the individual experts' recognition of professional experts. So, in the face of such a complex role transition environment, without truly standardized rules on expert roles, individuals can only rely on habitual feeling and judgment to capture role expectations. This means that the role transition of experts is in a relatively weak environment, and the identity of experts is a weak identity. The conclusion of this study is that the expert individual is the technical spokesman of the country, and as an individual in the country, under the state-led social mobilization ability and the collective identity with the nation-state as the core, Its understanding of foreign relations is based on the value of the country's foreign relations. The dilemma of experts' identity originates from the contradiction between the domestic bureaucratic system and the organizational management of the unit and the fragmented development practice, which to some extent weakens the effectiveness of China's aid projects to Africa.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F125;F323
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本文编号：1866900