我国主要麦区小麦籽粒产量和关键营养元素含量评价及调控

发布时间：2017-12-28 03:29

  本文关键词：我国主要麦区小麦籽粒产量和关键营养元素含量评价及调控　出处：《西北农林科技大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 小麦 蛋白质 铁 锌 硒 推荐施氮

【摘要】：小麦在世界和我国粮食生产中占有至关重要的位置。在有限而日益减少的耕地面积上,提高单产是小麦生产的关键。氮是蛋白质的主要构成成分,蛋白质是小麦的重要品质指标,在欠发达国家如中国,膳食蛋白的摄入在很大程度上依赖于谷物蛋白质。膳食蛋白质提供的氨基酸,在调节机体生长以及修复、维持、更新组织方面起着重要作用。铁、锌、硒是人体必需微量元素,全世界约有一半人口不同程度存在微量元素匮乏问题。小麦是我国尤其是北方地区居民膳食蛋白质和微量元素摄入的主要来源,了解并提高小麦籽粒中蛋白质含量和微量元素尤其是较为缺乏的铁锌硒含量状况对改善人体健康和营养有着重要意义。鉴于此,本研究采集了我国22个小麦生产省(自治区、直辖市)共655份田间小麦籽粒样品,测定了小麦籽粒蛋白质、氨基酸、铁、锌和硒含量;并根据1212和1110组施氮量-产量和施氮量-蛋白质含量数据,建立了施氮量-产量和施氮量-蛋白质含量的回归关系,进而确定了合适的施氮量,以保证较高产量和蛋白质含量;并在14个省(市)的30个国家小麦产业技术体系综合试验站开展了叶面喷施硒肥田间试验,研究了小麦籽粒硒含量的影响因素及提高硒含量的农艺措施,主要得到以下结论:1.多年多点采样测定结果表明,我国主要麦区小麦籽粒蛋白质含量较低,赖氨酸为第一限制性氨基酸,赖氨酸含量和必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例低影响了小麦蛋白质的营养价值。春、冬小麦籽粒蛋白质含量平均分别为13.7%、12.7%。春小麦中符合强、中、弱筋蛋白质标准的样品分别占45%、22%、33%,而冬小麦样品的比例分别为18%、24%、58%。春、冬小麦必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例二者均为28.8%。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量呈现出北高南低、东高西低的趋势,必需氨基酸含量和总量呈现出东高西低的趋势。赖氨酸为第一限制性氨基酸,春、冬小麦氨基酸评分平均值分别为53和56。春、冬小麦组氨酸、色氨酸以外的各氨基酸含量之间均极显著正相关,相关系数在0.3以上;各氨基酸含量均与蛋白质含量极显著正相关,相关系数在0.2-0.4以上;必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例与蛋白质含量极显著负相关,相关系数均为-0.31。2.通过多年多点采样测定与田间试验研究,提出了兼顾小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的氮肥推荐方法,评价了该方法的氮肥效率、经济效益和环境效应。在我国冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区、冬小麦-水稻轮作区和北方旱作冬麦区,小麦季的氮肥推荐施用量为208-230、150-195和117-134 kg ha-1,施氮量接近或低于调研农户的平均施氮量,小麦产量却比农户平均产量提高1%-19%,蛋白质含量提高2-9个百分点。与过量施氮的农户相比,推荐施氮量平均降低氮肥投入39-84 kg ha-1,却使小麦产量增加4%-28%,蛋白质含量提高2-8个百分点,氮肥偏生产力增加7-24 kg kg-1,经济收益增加564-2951元ha-1,此外,使收获后土壤残留无机氮含量、整个小麦季硝酸盐淋溶量和氧化亚氮排放量分别降低8%-27%、29%-52%和19%-36%。3.多年多点采样测定表明,我国主要麦区小麦籽粒铁、锌含量较低,铁、锌含量与产量均极显著负相关。春、冬小麦籽粒平均产量分别为5423、6565 kg ha-1,铁含量分别为48.2、45.1 mg kg-1,锌含量分别为30.4、30.3 mg kg-1。春、冬小麦分别有63%、72%样本铁含量低于推荐量50 mg kg-1,88%、87%样本锌含量低于推荐量40 mg kg-1。从区域上看,小麦产量较高的地区铁和锌含量较低。春、冬小麦籽粒的铁含量与锌含量均极显著正相关,籽粒锌含量每增加1 mg kg-1,春、冬小麦籽粒铁含量相应增加0.6、0.3 mg kg-1。铁、锌含量与产量均极显著负相关,产量每增加1000 kg ha-1,春、冬小麦籽粒铁含量降低2.1、1.3 mg kg-1,锌含量降低0.9、1.3 mg kg-1。春、冬小麦中均存在高铁高锌含量和产量较高的样品,表明通过品种选育、施肥或其他措施可将小麦籽粒的铁、锌含量提高到推荐标准以上,同时维持较高的产量。4.多年多点采样测定和多点叶喷硒肥田间试验表明,我国主要麦区小麦籽粒硒含量较低,籽粒硒含量与土壤有效硒含量、拔节前植株硒含量正相关,叶喷硒肥是提高籽粒硒含量的有效措施。小麦籽粒硒含量平均为64.6μg kg-1,远不能满足以小麦为主食人群对硒的营养需求,未发现籽粒硒含量达到中毒水平。硒含量在不同区域表现为北部高于南部、西部高于东部。叶面喷施亚硒酸钠对小麦籽粒产量无显著影响,却使籽粒硒含量显著提高。每施用1 g Se ha-1,籽粒硒含量平均提高5.3μg kg-1,施用51 g Se ha-1可将硒含量从平均31μg kg-1提高到300μg kg-1以上。小麦籽粒硒含量不受产量的影响,但不喷硒时籽粒硒含量与0-20 cm土层土壤有效硒含量和拔节前植株硒含量分别呈显著和极显著正相关。土壤有效硒含量在6.3-30.7μg kg-1之间每增加1.0μg kg-1,不喷硒籽粒硒含量平均增加2.1μg kg-1,拔节前植株硒含量在0-147.2μg kg-1之间每增加1.0μg kg-1,不喷硒籽粒硒含量平均增加0.7μg kg-1。喷硒后籽粒硒含量和硒强化指数均与拔节前植株硒含量极显著正相关。拔节前植株硒含量每增加1.0μg kg-1,喷硒籽粒硒含量平均增加5.7μg kg-1,籽粒硒强化指数平均增加0.043μg kg-1(g ha-1)-1。
[Abstract]:Wheat occupies a crucial position in the world and in China's grain production. In the limited and decreasing area of cultivated land, raising the yield is the key to the production of wheat. Nitrogen is the main constituent of protein. Protein is an important quality index of wheat. In less developed countries such as China, dietary protein intake largely depends on cereal protein. The amino acid provided by dietary protein plays an important role in regulating the growth of the body and repairing, maintaining and renewing the tissue. Iron, zinc and selenium are essential trace elements in the human body, and about half of the world's population exist in different degrees of trace element deficiency. Wheat is in China is a major source of dietary protein and trace element intake residents in northern area, understand and improve the wheat grain protein content and trace elements especially iron zinc and selenium content in lack of great significance for the improvement of human health and nutrition. In view of this, this study collected 22 wheat production in our province (autonomous regions and municipalities) a total of 655 field samples of wheat, wheat protein, amino acids, iron, zinc and selenium content was determined; and according to the 1212 data and 1110 sets of nitrogen yield and nitrogen - protein content. To establish the regression relationship between nitrogen yield and nitrogen content of the protein, and then determine the appropriate amount of nitrogen to ensure the yield and the protein content is high; and in 14 provinces (city) wheat industry technology system of 30 national comprehensive experimental station carried out spraying se fertilizer field experiment, factors to study the effects of selenium content of wheat grain and improve the agronomic measures of selenium content, the main conclusions are as follows: 1. years of multi sampling results showed that China's wheat grain protein content is low, lysine is the first limiting amino acid, lysine The low ratio of content and essential amino acids to the total amino acid affects the nutritional value of wheat protein. The average protein content of spring and winter wheat grains was 13.7% and 12.7% respectively. In spring wheat, the samples were 45%, 22% and 33%, which conformed to the protein standard of strong, medium and weak tendons respectively, while the proportion of winter wheat samples were 18%, 24% and 58%, respectively. The proportion of essential amino acids in the total amount of amino acids in spring and winter wheat was 28.8% of the two. The protein content of wheat grain showed a trend of low north and low in the South and East High West, and the content and total amount of essential amino acids showed a trend of low East and West. Lysine is the first limiting amino acid, and the average value of amino acid score of spring and winter wheat is 53 and 56, respectively. Between spring and winter wheat than histidine, tryptophan each amino acid content were significantly correlated, the correlation coefficient was above 0.3; the content of amino acid and protein content was significantly positively correlated, correlation coefficient is more than 0.2-0.4; the essential amino acids accounted for the proportion of the total amino acid and protein content were significantly negatively correlated, the correlation coefficient was -0.31. 2., through multi-year sampling and field trials, a recommendation method of nitrogen fertilizer considering grain yield and protein content of wheat was put forward. The nitrogen efficiency, economic benefit and environmental effect of the method were evaluated. In the winter wheat summer maize rotation in China area, winter wheat and rice rotation area and the northern dryland winter wheat region, wheat season, nitrogen fertilizer recommendation rate of 208-230 150-195 and 117-134 kg HA-1, the average amount of nitrogen nitrogen close to or below the survey of farmers, wheat yield than the average yield of farmers increased 1%-19% protein the content increased by 2-9 percentage points. Compared with the excessive nitrogen fertilization of farmers, reduce the average recommended nitrogen fertilizer input 39-84 kg HA-1, but the increase of wheat yield 4%-28%, protein content increased by 2-8 percentage points, 7-24 kg kg-1 increased the nitrogen partial productivity, increase economic benefits 564-2951 yuan HA-1, in addition, the inorganic nitrogen content, residual soil after harvesting the wheat season nitrate salt leaching and Nitrous Oxide emissions were reduced by 8%-27%, 29%-52% and 19%-36%. 3. years of multi sampling determination showed that China's wheat grain iron and zinc content is low, the content and yield of zinc and iron were significantly negatively correlated. The average grain yield of spring and winter wheat were 5423 and 6565 kg HA-1 respectively, and the iron content was 48.2 and 45.1 mg kg-1 respectively, and the zinc content was 30.4 and 30.3 mg kg-1 respectively. The iron content in 63% and 72% samples of spring and winter wheat were lower than the recommended amount of 50 mg kg-1,88%, and the content of zinc in 87% samples was lower than the recommended amount of 40 mg kg-1. From the region, the iron and zinc content in the region with high wheat yield is low. The iron content in spring and winter wheat grain was significantly positively correlated with zinc content. The grain zinc content increased 1 mg kg-1, and the iron content in spring and winter wheat increased by 0.6 and 0.3 mg kg-1, respectively. Iron and zinc contents were significantly negatively correlated with yield. When the yield increased by 1000 kg HA-1, the grain iron content in spring and winter wheat decreased by 2.1, 1.3 mg kg-1, and zinc content decreased by 0.9, 1.3 mg kg-1. High concentration of iron and zinc content and high yield were found in spring and winter wheat in the sample, that through breeding, fertilization or other measures can be grain iron and zinc content increased to more than the recommended standard, while maintaining high yield. 4. years of multi point and multi point sampling determination of leaf spraying se fertilizer field experiments showed that China's wheat grain selenium content is low, the jointing grain selenium content and soil available Se content, plant selenium content is related to foliar selenium fertilizer is an effective measure to improve the selenium content of grain. The average content of selenium in wheat grain was 64.6 g kg-1, which could not meet the nutritional requirements of wheat as the main cannibal, and the content of grain selenium was not found to reach the level of poisoning. The selenium content in the north is higher than the South and the west is higher than the East in the north. The spraying of sodium selenite on leaf surface had no significant effect on the grain yield of wheat, but increased the content of grain significantly. With each application of 1 g Se HA-1, the grain selenium content increased by 5.3 mu g kg-1, and the application of 51 g Se HA-1 to the selenium content
【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S512.1
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本文编号：1344410