长江、黄河中上游地区退耕还林工程生态效益特征及价值化研究

发布时间：2018-01-02 05:10

本文关键词：长江、黄河中上游地区退耕还林工程生态效益特征及价值化研究　出处：《中国林业科学研究院》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：退耕还林工程作为我国一项重大林业生态工程,从1999年开始试点实施,至2014年新一轮退耕还林工程启动,历经了15年。工程的开展显著恢复和改善我国中西部,尤其是长江、黄河中上游地区生态环境,不仅增加林地面积,而且保护优良耕地、提高粮食产量、增加农民收入、促进经济转型、社会、经济、生态效益得到综合发展。长江、黄河中上游地区是我国重要的生态功能区,也是退耕还林工程实施和生态效益监测的重点地区。对该地区退耕还林工程生态效益的研究,将为新一轮退耕还林工程实施提供重要的科技支撑。本研究基于截至2013年底研究区退耕还林工程资源面积数据,退耕还林工程生态效益监测站、森林生态系统定位观测研究站及其它辅助观测站点长期定位观测数据和权威部门和机构公布社会公共数据,采用退耕还林工程生态连清技术体系和分布式测算模型,选取涵养水源、保育土壤等7项指标,对我国长江、黄河中上游省份以及流域所在地区退耕还林工程生态效益物质量和价值量进行评估与特征分析;同时对森林生态系统服务评估中物质量转价值量理论方法和森林生态系统功能向生态系统服务的转化率进行探讨;利用数据包络分析和通径分析等模型对研究区退耕还林工程生态效益影响因素进行相关性研究。得出主要结论如下:(1)长江、黄河中上游省份退耕还林工程生态效益物质量:涵养水源307.31亿m3/a、固土4.47亿t/a、保肥1524.32万t/a、固碳3448.54万t/a、释氧8175.71万t/a、林木积累营养物质79.42万t/a、提供空气负离子6.62×1025个/a、吸收污染物248.33万t/a、滞尘3.22亿t/a、防风固沙1.79亿t/a。价值量(按2014年现价):研究区退耕还林工程生态效益总价值10071.50亿元/a。其中涵养水源3680.28亿元/a、保育土壤941.76亿元/a、固碳释氧1560.21亿元/a、林木积累营养物质143.36亿元/a、净化大气环境1919.77亿元/a、生物多样性保护1444.87亿元/a、森林防护381.25亿元/a。(2)森林生态系统服务物质量向价值量转化时,应符合“等效替代法则”和“权重当量平衡”原则,不仅要考虑经济学和商品市场理论,还应考虑生态系统服务原理和过程,通过在众多合理价格参数中再平衡,使得不同地区不同类型森林的各项服务间比例与森林实际情况一致。(3)以森林生态系统滞纳空气颗粒物为例,探讨森林生态系统功能向服务的转化率。不同树种滞纳颗粒物的能力与其功能向服务转化率存在差异,转化率最高的树种是雪松和矮紫杉,分别为95%和85%,白皮松和侧柏最低,转化率为47%和48%。树种滞纳颗粒物的能力与其功能向服务的转化率无必然联系,其原因主要与叶片微观结构特征有关。(4)退耕还林工程营造林通过地上和地下两部分结构影响水土保持生态效益。保肥效益与工程所在地区土壤条件有关,并与植被地表覆盖度、植被类型、坡度和土壤类型等因子密切相关。固碳释氧能力受树种、林种、林龄等影响。林木积累营养物质生态效益与林分净初级生产力密切相关,而后者又与地区水热条件和树种组成有关。净化大气环境生态效益与植被叶面积、树冠构造、叶片表皮毛、化学成分和叶面蜡质结构等密切相关,具有粗糙表面结构的阔叶树种叶片,在捕获、截留颗粒物方面具有更好的效果。林木通过降低风速、削弱风力、固定沙地和防止风蚀作用在风沙区发挥着显著生态效益。(5)退耕还林工程投入与产出数据包络模型分析表明,研究区省份均为技术有效和规模有效,其政策导向、规模调整方向有一定科学性,盲目性成分较少。水土保持效益(包括涵养水源和保育土壤)在研究区发挥着森林生态系统服务主导作用,碳汇及营养积累、净化大气环境和生物多样性保护服务均与退耕区本底环境、水热条件、树种选择有关,具地域特征性。在退耕林种选择和林木抚育时,应针对性增加技术有效性和规模有效性,继而提升退耕还林工程生态效益价值。(6)利用通径分析模型对影响退耕还林工程各类因素的直接和间接效应研究表明,退耕还林工程生态效益与退耕地还林面积、工程投资金额极显著正相关,与工程资源面积、宜林荒山荒地造林和生态林资源面积显著正相关。退耕还林工程投资金额对研究区退耕还林工程生态效益直接影响效应最大,直接通径系数为2.9074。退耕还林工程资源面积和3种植被恢复类型资源面积均显著影响工程生态效益间接效应,间接通径系数为4.5470、5.0123、5.0592和4.1461。退耕还林工程投资金额,退耕地还林、退耕还林工程、生态林的资源面积及它们之间相互作用为主导因素,共同控制转化过程的强度和方向。
[Abstract]:The project of returning farmland to forest in China as a major forestry ecological projects, from 1999 to 2014 began to implement a pilot, a new round of returning farmland to forest project started, after 15 years. The project was the restoration and improvement of China's central and western regions, especially in the Yangtze River, the ecological environment in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, not only to increase the forest area, and excellent protection of cultivated land, increase food production, increase farmers' income and promote economic transformation, social, economic and ecological benefits of comprehensive development. The Yangtze River in the upper reaches of the Yellow River is an important ecological function region of our country, but also the implementation of the project of returning farmland to forest and ecological monitoring in key areas. The research on the ecological benefits of returning farmland to forest in the region the project, will be a new round of reforestation project provides important scientific support. This research is based on the study area by the end of 2013, the project of returning farmland to forest resources area data, returning farmland to forest engineering State benefits monitoring station, long-term forest ecosystem research station and other auxiliary stations observation data and the authoritative department and the public agency released data, the project of returning farmland to forest ecological system and continuous distributed calculation model, selects 7 indicators of water conservation, soil conservation, on China's Yangtze River, analysis and evaluation with the characteristics of farmland in the upper reaches of the Yellow River River Basin provinces and region ecological forest engineering material quality and value; at the same time on forest ecosystem services evaluation in quality to value theory and method of forest ecosystem service to ecological system conversion are discussed; the correlation by using data envelopment analysis and path analysis. Ecological effect model of the study area of returning farmland to forest engineering factors. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the Yangtze River, the upper reaches of the Yellow River province back The project of forest ecological benefit tillage quality: Water Conservation 30 billion 731 million m3/a soil fertilizer 447 million t/a, 15 million 243 thousand and 200 t/a, 34 million 485 thousand and 400 t/a of carbon sequestration and oxygen release, 81 million 757 thousand and 100 t/a, 794 thousand and 200 t/a of forest nutrient accumulation, provide air negative ion 6.62 x 1025 /a 2 million 483 thousand and 300 t/ a, the absorption of pollutants, dust 322 million t/a, wind and sand 179 million the t/a. value (in 2014 price): the project of returning farmland to forest ecological benefit of the total value of 1 trillion and 7 billion 150 million yuan /a. and 368 billion 28 million yuan for water conservation and soil conservation /a, 94 billion 176 million yuan /a, carbon fixation and oxygen release of 156 billion 21 million yuan /a, the forest nutrient accumulation of 14 billion 336 million yuan /a, 191 billion 977 million yuan /a purification of atmospheric environment, biodiversity protection 144 billion 487 million /a yuan, 38 billion 125 million yuan of forest protection /a. (2) into the forest ecosystem service quality to the value, should be consistent with the "equivalent substitution rule" and the "equivalent weight balance" principle, should not only consider the economics And the theory of commodity markets, also should consider the ecosystem service principle and process, through many parameters of rebalancing in the reasonable price, the proportion of consistent with the actual situation of the forest service of different types of forests in different regions. (3) in the forest ecosystem for the air particles as an example, to explore the conversion of forest ecological service the function of the system. The ability of different species for particles and its function to service transformation rate differences, the highest conversion rate of the species is cedar and Taxus cuspidata, respectively 95% and 85%, and the lowest ability of Pinus bungeana orientalis, the conversion rate was 47% and 48%. fine particles and the species function to service the conversion rate is not necessarily related, the reason is mainly related with the leaf microstructure characteristics. (4) the ecological benefits of returning farmland to forest project afforestation by ground and underground structure of two parts of soil and water conservation benefit and the fertilizer. The soil condition, and vegetation coverage, vegetation type, slope and soil type and other factors are closely related to carbon sequestration by forests, species, age and other effects. The accumulation of forest net primary productivity and forest ecological benefits of nutrients are closely related, the latter area and hydrothermal conditions and species composition of purification of atmospheric environment. Ecological and vegetation canopy structure, leaf area, leaf trichomes, closely related to the chemical composition and structure of leaf wax, with broad leaved tree species leaves, rough surface structure has a better effect in the capture, interception of particles. Trees weakened by reducing the wind speed, wind, and prevent the erosion of fixed sandy land play a significant ecological benefits in the sandy area. (5) the project of returning farmland to forest input and output data envelopment analysis model showed that the study area provinces are the technology efficiency and scale efficiency, the The policy orientation, scale adjustment direction of science, blindness of less components. The benefits of soil and water conservation (including water conservation and soil conservation) in the study area plays a leading role in forest ecosystem services, carbon sequestration and nutrient accumulation, environment purification and biodiversity protection service and farmland area of the environment, water and heat conditions and the selection of tree species, with regional characteristics. In forest species and forest tending, should be targeted to increase the technical efficiency and scale efficiency, and enhance the value of the ecological benefits of returning farmland to forest project. (6) using the path analysis of direct and indirect effect on returning farmland to forest project of all kinds of factors model shows that the project of returning farmland to forest, ecological and land forest area, the project investment amount was significantly positively correlated, and engineering resources area, barren hills wasteland afforestation and forest resources area is significant In the study area. The ecological benefits of returning farmland to forest project of returning farmland to forest project investment directly affects the maximum effect, the direct path coefficient is 2.9074. the project of returning farmland to forest resources area and 3 vegetation restoration types resources area had significant effects on the ecological benefits of the program of indirect effect, indirect path coefficient is 4.5470,5.0123,5.0592 and 4.1461. of returning farmland to forest project investment the amount of land, forests, returning farmland to forest project, ecological forest resources between area and their interaction as the dominant factor, the strength and direction of the common control conversion process.

【学位授予单位】：中国林业科学研究院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S718.5

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