不同水稻品种对氮素响应的差异及其农艺生理性状

发布时间：2018-01-03 22:01

本文关键词：不同水稻品种对氮素响应的差异及其农艺生理性状　出处：《扬州大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：水稻是我国最主要的粮食作物之一。长期以来,为减轻人口增长对粮食需求的压力,我国一直将提高单位面积产量作为水稻生产的主要任务。但在另一方面,随着水稻产量的提高,化肥特别是氮肥的施用量不断增加,氮肥施用过量已经成为我国水稻生产上的一个严重问题。培育和选用氮敏感高产品种(在中、低施氮量下具有较高的产量和氮肥利用效率)是协同提高作物产量和氮肥利用效率的一条重要途径。但有关水稻氮敏感高产品种的农艺和生理特征尚不清楚,对氮敏感性不同水稻品种的肥水管理技术缺乏深入研究。本研究以不同水稻品种为材料,研究了不同年代水稻品种对氮素响应的特点、氮敏感性不同水稻品种的农艺性状、地上部生理性状和根系形态生理特征及其与产量形成和氮肥利用效率的关系、氮肥运筹和灌溉方式对不同品种产量、氮肥利用效率和品质的影响及其生理机制。主要结果如下:1.不同年代水稻品种对氮素响应的差异以生产上不同年代广泛应用的12个代表性中籼稻品种和12个代表性中粳稻品种为材料,设置零氮、中氮和高氮3种施氮水平,研究品种演进过程中产量和氮肥利用效率的变化特点。随着品种应用年代的演进,不同年代品种的产量和氮肥利用效率均获得较大提高,但对氮素的响应表现出较大的基因型差异。现代品种在高施氮量下表现出较高的产量和氮肥利用效率,早期品种的产量和氮肥利用效率在高氮水平下则呈下降的趋势。现代品种产量和氮肥利用效率的提高主要是由于总颖花量和穗粒数的增加,但超级稻品种的结实率较低,限制了其产量潜力的发挥;提高超级稻的结实率,有望进一步提高水稻产量和氮肥利用效率。2.氮敏感性不同品种的农艺性状以江苏省生产上广泛应用的11个代表性常规粳稻品种为材料,设置ON(全生育期不施氮)和200N(全生育期施氮200 kg hm-2)两个施氮量处理,研究其产量、对氮素响应的特点以及氮敏感高产品种的主要农艺性状。结果表明,与氮钝感品种(在低施氮量下产量和氮肥利用率较低)相比,氮敏感高产品种具有较高的干物质积累和收获指数,较高的总颖花量和茎蘖成穗率,较高的叶面积指数和有效、高效叶面积指数,较高的颖花粒叶比、实粒粒叶比和粒重粒叶比。相关分析表明,产量和氮肥利用效率与上述农艺性状均呈显著或极显著正相关,上述农艺性状可作为筛选氮敏感高产水稻品种的农艺指标。3.氮敏感性不同品种的地上部生理性状以2个氮敏感高产品种和2个氮钝感品种为材料,设置0 N和200 kg N hm-2等2个施氮水平,研究其产量、氮肥利用效率以及地上部生理性状的变化特点。结果表明,与氮钝感品种相比,氮敏感高产品种具有较高的光合速率和氮素积累量,较强的氮代谢酶活性和较高的光合氮素利用效率,抽穗期茎鞘中积累较多的可溶性糖和淀粉,灌浆期茎鞘中非结构性碳水化合物向籽粒的转运率高,这是氮敏感高产品种产量和氮肥利用效率较高的重要生理原因。4.氮敏感性不同品种的根系性状以2个氮敏感高产品种和2个氮钝感品种为材料,设置0,100,200和300 kg hm-2等4个施氮水平。研究氮敏感性不同水稻品种的根系性状。结果表明,与氮钝感品种相比,在施氮量为0,100,200 kg hm-2时,2个氮敏感高产品种表现出较高的产量和氮肥利用效率;当施氮量为300 kg hm-2时,氮敏感高产品种和氮钝感品种的产量和氮肥利用效率差异不显著。与氮钝感品种相比,氮敏感高产品种在较低的施氮水平时地上部和地下部的生物量和深层根量较高、根系较长,根系氧化力较强,根长密度、根系活跃吸收表面积和总吸收表面积较大。品种的根冠特性,尤其是深层根的特性,可用作筛选氮敏感高产水稻品种的根系指标。5.氮肥运筹对氮敏感性不同品种产量和氮利用效率的影响以2个氮敏感高产品种和2个氮钝感品种为材料,设置氮空白,农民常规施肥,实地氮肥管理和减氮后移4种养分管理模式,研究不同氮肥运筹对氮敏感性不同水稻品种产量和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与农民常规施肥相比,实地氮肥管理和减氮后移均能提高各品种的产量和氮肥利用效率,氮敏感高产品种的增产增效幅度大于氮钝感品种,氮钝感品种减氮后移的增产效应未达显著水平。在实地氮肥管理和减氮后移处理下,水稻抽穗至成熟期的叶面积指数和光合势、籽粒灌浆期的根系氧化力和剑叶光合速率以及营养器官中氮素和非结构性碳水化合物向籽粒的转运率等都较农民常规施肥处理显著增加,氮敏感高产品种的增加效果更为明显。6.氮肥运筹对氮敏感性不同品种品质的影响以2个氮敏感高产品种和2个氮钝感品种为材料,设置氮空白,农民常规施肥,实地氮肥管理和减氮后移4种养分管理模式;观察氮肥运筹对稻米品质的影响。结果表明,与农民常规施肥相比,实地氮肥管理和减氮后移显著提高了各品种的整精米率、胶稠度、热浆黏度、崩解值、清蛋白和谷蛋白的含量,显著降低了垩白度、直链淀粉含量和糊化温度。表明无论是氮敏感高产品种还是氮钝感品种,实地氮肥管理和减氮后移均可改善稻米品质。与氮钝感品种相比,氮敏感高产品种的加工品质和蒸煮食味品质较优,稻米中清蛋白和谷蛋白含量较高,直链淀粉含量较低,稻米淀粉黏滞谱性较好,对氮肥的响应更为敏感。7.干湿交替灌溉对氮敏感性不同品种产量、水分养分利用效率和米质的影响以氮敏感高产品种淮稻5号和氮钝感品种扬粳4038为材料,设置水层灌溉和全生育期干湿交替灌溉两种灌溉方式,研究全生育期干湿交替灌溉对水稻产量、品质和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与水层灌溉相比,全生育期干湿交替灌溉显著降低了灌溉水用量,提高了水分利用效率,提高了产量和产谷利用率、氮收获指数和氮肥偏生产力,还提高了稻米的加工品质、外观品质、食味品质、营养品质和淀粉黏滞谱特性。氮敏感高产品种的食味品质和营养品质等对灌溉方式的响应更为敏感。
[Abstract]:Rice is one of the most important grain crops in China. For a long time, in order to reduce the population growth of food demand pressure, China has to improve the yield per unit area as the main task of rice production. But on the other hand, with the increase in rice yield, fertilizer, especially nitrogen fertilizer rate increasing, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer has become a serious problem in rice production in China. The cultivation and selection of sensitive varieties (with high nitrogen in low nitrogen fertilizer yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency) is to improve crop yields and nitrogen use efficiency is an important way. But the agronomic and physiological characteristics of rice yield nitrogen sensitive the variety is not clear, in-depth study of fertilizer management techniques of different varieties of nitrogen deficiency. In this study, the sensitivity of different rice varieties as materials, studied in different rice varieties to nitrogen ring The characteristics, agronomic nitrogen sensitivity of different rice varieties, the physiological traits and root morphological and physiological characteristics and the relationship between the yield and nitrogen use efficiency and yield formation, nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation of different varieties, fertilizer use efficiency and effect of quality and its physiological mechanism. The main results are as follows: 1. in different rice varieties the difference of nitrogen response in a wide range of applications in the production of 12 different representative rice varieties and 12 representative japonica rice varieties as materials, set zero nitrogen, nitrogen and high nitrogen with 3 nitrogen levels, changes in yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency varieties evolution research. With the evolution of varieties in different times, yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency have been improved, but the nitrogen response showed significant genotypic differences. Modern varieties in high nitrogen fertilizer under the table The higher the yield and nitrogen use efficiency, early rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in high nitrogen level decreased. The yield and nitrogen use efficiency of modern varieties is mainly due to the increase in total number of spikelets and grains per panicle, seed setting rate of super rice varieties with low limit yield potential; improve seed setting rate of super rice, is expected to further improve the 11 conventional japonica rice cultivars representing the agronomic traits of rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency of.2. nitrogen sensitivity of different varieties are widely used in production in Jiangsu Province as materials, set the ON (the whole growth period of nitrogen (200N) and the whole growth period n 200 kg hm-2) two nitrogen treatment, to study the yield, agronomic traits of nitrogen response characteristics and nitrogen sensitive varieties. The results showed that nitrogen and insensitive varieties (in low nitrogen yield and nitrogen utilization rate Lower) compared to nitrogen sensitive varieties with dry matter accumulation and higher harvest index, total spikelets higher flower yield and percentage of productive tillers, higher leaf area index and high effective leaf area index, higher spikelet grain leaf ratio, grain leaf ratio and grain weight of solid grain leaf ratio correlation analysis. Show that the yield and nitrogen use efficiency and the agronomic traits were significant or highly significant positive correlation, the agronomic traits of different varieties can be used as the upper physiological traits of agronomic index.3. nitrogen nitrogen sensitive screening of sensitive rice varieties with high yield, 2 nitrogen and 2 high sensitive products of nitrogen insensitive varieties, set 0 N and kg 200 N hm-2 2 N levels, to study the yield, nitrogen use efficiency and physiological traits change characteristics of the upper ground. The results showed that compared with nitrogen insensitive varieties, nitrogen sensitive varieties had higher photosynthetic rate and nitrogen accumulation The strong activity of nitrogen metabolism, and higher photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, more accumulation of stem and sheath at heading stage in the soluble sugar and starch, structural carbohydrate translocation to grain rate of non stem and sheath at grain filling stage, this is the root traits of different varieties of nitrogen physiological efficiency is high sensitivity.4. nitrogen utilization and yield nitrogen sensitive high yield varieties with 2 nitrogen sensitive high-yield varieties and 2 nitrogen insensitive varieties as materials, 0100200 and 300 kg hm-2 4 N levels. The root traits of nitrogen sensitivity of different rice varieties. The results showed that compared with nitrogen insensitive species in nitrogen is 0100200 kg hm-2 2, nitrogen sensitive high-yielding varieties showed higher yield and nitrogen use efficiency; when the nitrogen amount was 300 kg hm-2, nitrogen sensitive high-yield varieties and nitrogen insensitive rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency were not significantly different. And nitrogen insensitive products A comparison of nitrogen sensitive varieties in root biomass of low nitrogen level when the shoot and root and root volume is high, long, strong oxidizing ability of root, root length density, root active absorption area and the total absorbing surface area is larger. Root characteristics of varieties, especially the characteristics of deep roots the effect of root can be used as indicators of.5. nitrogen fertilizer nitrogen sensitive screening of rice varieties with high yield of nitrogen sensitive yield and nitrogen use efficiency of different varieties as materials susceptible varieties with 2 nitrogen sensitive high-yield varieties and 2 nitrogen blunt, nitrogen blank, farmers of conventional fertilization, nitrogen management and reduction of N 4 nutrient management mode of different nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of nitrogen yield and nitrogen sensitivity of different rice varieties. The results showed that compared with the conventional fertilization, nitrogen management and reduction of N could improve yield of different varieties And the nitrogen use efficiency, increase production efficiency of nitrogen sensitive high yield varieties than nitrogen insensitive varieties, nitrogen insensitive varieties less nitrogen effect after the shift production was not significant. In the SSNM and reduced N treatments, leaf area index of rice heading to maturity and photosynthetic potential grain filling stage the oxidizing ability of root and flag leaf photosynthetic rate and nitrogen in vegetative organs and non structural carbohydrate translocation to grain rate were significantly compared with conventional fertilization treatment increased, nitrogen sensitive high yield increasing effect is more obvious.6. nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen sensitive effect of different varieties of quality in 2 varieties with high yield and nitrogen sensitive 2 nitrogen insensitive varieties, nitrogen blank, conventional fertilization, nitrogen management and reducing the N 4 kinds of nutrient management mode; to observe the effects of Nitrogen Application on rice quality. The results show that with the farmers Compared with conventional fertilization, nitrogen management and reducing N significantly improved varieties of milled rice rate, gel consistency, hot viscosity, breakdown value, albumin and glutelin content, significantly reduced the chalkiness, amylose content and gelatinization temperature. It is indicated that nitrogen sensitive varieties or nitrogen blunt susceptible varieties, SSNM and reduction of N can improve rice quality. Compared with nitrogen insensitive varieties, nitrogen sensitive high-yield varieties of processing quality and cooking quality better, higher albumin and glutenin content in rice, low amylose content, starch viscosity profile and better response to nitrogen fertilizer.7. is more sensitive to dry wet alternate irrigation on nitrogen sensitivity of different varieties of yield, effect of water nutrient use efficiency and quality to nitrogen sensitive varieties Huaidao 5 and nitrogen insensitive cultivar Yangjing 4038 as materials, setting water irrigation and growth Dry wet alternate irrigation two irrigation methods, on the whole growth period of dry wet alternate irrigation on rice yield, quality and nitrogen use efficiency were investigated. Results show that, compared with the well watered, the whole growth period of dry wet alternate irrigation significantly reduced the amount of irrigation water, improve water use efficiency, improve the yield and the utilization rate of the valley and the nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen partial productivity, but also improve the processing quality, appearance quality, eating quality, nutritional quality and starch viscosity profile characteristics. Response to irrigation nitrogen sensitive high yield and eating quality and nutritional quality is more sensitive.

【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S511

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