肥料袋控缓释对桃树氮素极性分配和器官发育的影响

发布时间：2018-01-19 06:32

本文关键词： 肥料袋控缓释桃氮根系器官发育极性分配　出处：《山东农业大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：肥料袋控缓释作为一种新型的施肥方式,在桃养分管理中得到了初步应用。本课题组前期研究发现,施用袋控缓释肥后,袋控肥周围桃根系密度较大,根系维持活力的时间较长,并且施用袋控缓释肥后桃树势中庸健壮,果实大小较为均匀;但肥料袋控缓释是如何调控桃树体发育的,其调控机理至今尚不清楚。为此,本研究利用盆栽、大田栽培相结合的方式,研究了肥料袋控缓释对桃根系生长动态及氮素吸收分配特性的影响,探讨肥料袋控缓释对桃树体发育的调控机制,以期为通过改变养分供应方式调控氮素极性分配和器官发育提供理论依据。主要结果如下:肥料袋控缓释对桃树势及氮素吸收分配的影响试验发现:盆栽施肥新梢停止生长后氮素利用率以肥料袋控缓释处理最高,达12.96%,肥料撒施处理只有4.6%。新梢停止生长时吸收氮素在上下部新梢叶间分配差异大,肥料袋控缓释处理氮素分配差异低于肥料撒施处理。落叶后氮素分配到贮藏器官的比例,肥料袋控缓释处理显著高于肥料撒施处理。大田4年生桃树15N同位素示踪技术研究显示,鲁星桃落叶后肥料袋控缓释处理和撒施处理氮素利用率分别为22.80%和12.63%。根系是主要的分配器官,肥料袋控缓释处理为43.64%,撒施处理为37.15%,差异显著。生长季内果实Ndff%高于新梢Ndff%,同一类型器官因在树冠内不同位置Ndff%差异显著,上部高于下部,外围高于Qg膛。肥料袋控缓释处理同一器官因在树冠内位置不同造成的差异小。说明肥料袋控缓释提高了氮素利用率,降低了氮素在生长中心器官和非中心器官间差异,提高了贮藏器官中氮素分配比例,氮素在树冠内极性分配特性得到消弱。盆栽施肥试验表明,二次枝数量、长度、平均节间长度肥料袋控缓释处理显著高于其他处理。肥料袋控缓释处理下部内膛萌芽率、成枝率显著高于其他处理。叶片单位面积生物量两年结果均以肥料袋控缓释处理最高,分别达58.4g/m~2和66.2 g/m~2。大田栽培条件下,第二年新梢生长速度整个生长季内都以肥料袋控缓释处理最高。副梢生长速度两年内都是袋控缓释处理显著高于撒施处理。第一副梢发生节位肥料袋控缓释处理显著低于其他处理。落叶后肥料袋控缓释处理长硬枝比例显著高于其他处理,短软枝比例显著低于其他处理。萌芽率内膛部位受施肥影响大,肥料袋控缓释处理显著高于其他处理。肥料袋控缓释处理显著提高了平均果实个数、平均单果重和平均单株产量。肥料袋控缓释处理通过提高氮素贮藏,生长季内平稳供氮,延长了新梢生长高峰,增加了新梢节数,降低了极性生长,促进了二次枝生长,促进了叶片发育,改变了树冠内枝类组成,降低二次枝发生节位。肥料袋控缓释处理通过促进新梢生长、发育和果实发育提高了单株产量。肥料袋控缓释对桃根系生长发育动态的调控研究发现:采用微根管技术对2年生桃树细根生长动态进行了连续4年的观测,结果显示肥料袋控缓释处理比肥料撒施处理提高了细根数量。夏季和秋季是细根发根的一个主要时期。细根褐变的时间不施肥处理为22天,撒施处理为38天,肥料袋控缓释达57天。细根中值寿命不施肥处理为95天,撒施处理为110天,肥料袋控缓释为140天。肥料袋控缓释处理提高了细根现存量,各年数量均在200条以上。肥料袋控缓释处理显著降低了细根年周转。8月下旬根系活力肥料袋控缓释处理为41.32mg/g/h,显著高于其他处理。桃年生长中后期肥料袋控缓释处理根系保护酶活性均显著高于其它处理,根系丙二醛含量显著低于其它处理,而生长后期撒施处理与对照间无显著差异。结果表明肥料袋控缓释通过提高土壤硝态氮浓度且维持在一个相对稳定状态,提高了根系细根数量,延长了细根变褐时间,提高了细根中值寿命,提高了细根现存量,降低了细根周转率,生长季内提高了根系活力。肥料袋控缓释常年跟踪试验发现:连续3年的定位施肥试验表明,与传统的肥料撒施相比,在化肥使用量较高的平谷桃产区,肥料袋控缓释处理显著降低了肥料用量,产量与品质差异不显著。在化肥使用量中等的西北桃产区,与传统施肥方法比较,肥料袋控缓释处理,化肥施用量降低1/3,但不同程度的提高产量,并改善植株生长状况。
[Abstract]:Bag controlled-release fertilizer as a new type of fertilizer, has been applied in peach nutrient management. Previous studies showed that the application of bag controlled release fertilizer, bags of fertilizer around the peach root density, root vigor to maintain a longer time, and the application of bag controlled release fertilizer slow after moderate grower strong peach fruit size, more uniform; but the bag controlled-release fertilizer is how to control the development of the peach tree, its mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, this study using pot, field cultivation combination, studied the effects of bag controlled release fertilizer absorption and distribution of nitrogen on the growth dynamics and peach root system, explore the fertilizer bag controlled release on the regulation mechanism of peach body development, in order to provide theoretical basis for the regulation of nitrogen nutrient supply mode by changing the polarity distribution and organ development. The main results are as follows: bag controlled-release fertilizer on peach and nitrogen potential The absorption and distribution of impact test shows that the pot fertilization shoots stop utilization rate of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was the highest, up to 12.96% growth after nitrogen fertilizer treatments, only 4.6%. shoots stop growing when the absorption of nitrogen in the upper and lower new shoot leaf distribution between large differences of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment nitrogen distribution difference is lower than the fertilizer treatments. The proportion of N allocation to storage organs after defoliation, bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than that of fertilizer treatments. The field of 4 year old peach 15N isotope tracer technique to study shows that Lu Xingtao leaves after fertilizer bag controlled processing and treatments with nitrogen release rate were 22.80% and 12.63%. root is the main organ of the distribution and processing of bag controlled-release fertilizer for the 43.64% treatments was 37.15%, the difference was significant. During the growing season of fruit shoots Ndff% is higher than Ndff%, the same type of organ for different positions in the canopy Ndff% differential display The upper part is higher than that of the lower and higher than that of Qg. The peripheral chamber of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatments of the same organ due to differences in crown position caused by different small. That bag controlled-release fertilizer improves the utilization rate of nitrogen, reduce the nitrogen in the growth center of organ and non central organ differences, improve the nitrogen distribution proportion in storage organs. Nitrogen in the canopy of polar distribution characteristics are weak. That pot fertilization experiment, two branch number, length, average internode length of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than other treatments. Bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment chamber in the lower part of the germination rate, branching rate was significantly higher than other treatments. The leaf biomass per unit area are the results of the two years bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was the highest, up to 58.4g/m~2 and 66.2 g/m~2. respectively under the condition of field cultivation, second year shoot growth rate throughout the growing season of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was highest. The Deputy shoot growth The speed is within two years of bag controlled-release treatment were significantly higher than that of treatments. The first occurrence of secondary shoot sections of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was significantly lower than that of other treatments. After defoliation of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment long hard branch proportion was significantly higher than other treatments, short branch was significantly lower than other treatments. Adorable bud rate affected by fertilization of large bore parts that bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than other treatments. Bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment significantly increased the average fruit number and average fruit weight and average plant yield. Bag controlled-release fertilizer process by increasing nitrogen storage, growing season drew steady nitrogen, prolonged shoot growth peak, increased the shoot number, reduce the polar growth, promote the two branch growth, promote leaf development, change the composition of branches in the crown, two times lower shoot nodes. Through the processing of bag controlled-release fertilizer to promote the growth of new shoots and fruit development. The real development improves the yield of bag controlled-release fertilizer. The growth regulation of the dynamic development found on Peach roots of 2 year old peach root growth dynamics were observed for 4 years by minirhizotron technique, results showed that the fertilizer bag controlled-release fertilizer treatments increased than the root number. Summer and autumn is a a major period of root root. Root browning time no fertilization treatments for 22 days, 38 days, 57 days of bag controlled-release fertilizer. The fine root median life without fertilization treatments for 95 days, 110 days, 140 days of bag controlled-release fertilizer. Bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment increased the root biomass, number of each year in more than 200. Bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment significantly reduced the fine root turnover.8 month root activity of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was 41.32mg/g/h, significantly higher than other treatments. The annual growth in late peach fertilizer Bag controlled release of protective enzyme activity of root treatment were significantly higher than other treatments, the content of MDA in root was significantly lower than other treatments, and later growth treatments showed no significant difference with the control. The results showed that bag controlled-release fertilizer can improve the soil nitrate nitrogen concentration and maintained at a relatively stable state, increased root root number, extension fine root browning time, improve root median life, improve the fine root biomass, lower turnover rates, growth season increased root activity. Bag controlled-release fertilizer perennial tracking test shown that the fertilization experiment in 3 consecutive years, compared with the traditional fertilizer applicator, the higher amount of fertilizer use in Pinggu peach production of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment significantly reduced the amount of fertilizer, yield and quality of the difference was not significant. In the middle of the northwest region of peach fertilizer use, compared with the traditional methods of fertilization, fertilizer With the controlled release of sack, the application of chemical fertilizer was reduced by 1/3, but the yield was increased in different degrees and the growth of the plant was improved.

【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S662.1

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