林麝食源植物的营养学特征及食物选择主导因子的研究

发布时间：2018-03-04 15:29

本文选题：林麝　切入点：食性　出处：《北京林业大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：林麝(Moschus berezovskii)饲养繁育承担着重建野生种群和保障麝香可持续利用的艰巨任务,作为珍贵的药用动物,林麝资源保护与利用凝聚着各种利害冲突。我国自上世纪五十年代末即着手林麝的人工驯养繁育,林麝饲养业取得了令人瞩目的成绩。然而,林麝饲料及营养问题一直缺乏深入的研究,各林麝饲养单位采用家畜饲料配方或提供较为单一的天然植物,迄今尚缺乏林麝食物选择及营养对策的研究。本研究首次对圈养林麝的食物偏好、摄食植物的次生代谢产物、氨基酸平衡性及外源单宁对其肠道免疫等方面开展初步研究,以期为人工繁育林麝提供理论指导、野生林麝栖息地评价、改造及管理提供科学依据。主要结果如下：1.林麝对食源植物的嗅闻频次和嗅闻时间随着月份呈递减趋势,且不同月份的嗅闻频次及时间呈显著差异(P0.05)。林麝的摄食量与觅食频次和觅食时间呈显著正相关(P0.05)。林麝在五月、六月、七月和八月分别对6种、7种、4种和6种植物表现出正选择,其余植物均为负选择,其中山荆子、南蛇藤和苦楝始终为正选择植物。2.林麝天然摄食植物中常规营养成分和矿物质元素均较为丰富,林麝摄食量与粗蛋白含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与粗纤维含量呈极显著负相关(P0.01)；林麝摄食量与K呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与其它矿物质元素的相关性均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。3.林麝天然摄食植物中次生代谢产物含量均呈显著差异(P0.05),且不同植物次生代谢物的积累量存在时间差异：六月份正负选择植物中缩合单宁含量的差异性显著(P0.05)。七月份主要摄食植物的摄取量与简单酚和缩合单宁含量呈显著正相关(P0.05)；八月份主要摄食植物的摄取量与总酚和单宁含量呈显著正相关(P0.05)。4.林麝天然摄食植物中异亮氨酸(Ile)、苏氨酸(Thr)和缬氨酸(Val)含量与模式氨基酸接近,亮氨酸(Leu)和苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸(Tyr+Phe)含量相对过剩,蛋氨酸+胱氨酸(Met+Cys)及部分植物的赖氨酸(Lys)相对不足。五味子的氨基酸平衡性最佳(63.22),杜仲的氨基酸平衡性最差(45.81)；杜仲的第一限制氨基酸为赖氨酸(Lys),其它植物均为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸(Met+Cys)。5.外源植物单宁对林麝的摄食量具有明显抑制作用,不同梯度单宁饲料的摄食量呈显著性差异(P0.05)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ及Ⅲ梯度组,饲喂期及饲喂后期林麝SIgA(分泌型免疫球蛋白)水平均高于饲喂前期；但Ⅳ梯度,喂期及饲喂后期林麝的SIgA水平均低于饲喂前期。不同单宁梯度饲喂组间,饲喂期和饲喂后期的SIgA增长速率均呈显著差异(P0.05)。依据研究结果,我们对林麝人工繁育及种群恢复工作提出以下建议：人工投饲或食源植物种植可重点考虑四个月均呈正选择的山荆子、南蛇藤和苦楝；人工饲料中可适当提高钾元素含量,保证瘤胃正常发酵,提高饲料消化率；针对性补充蛋氨酸+胱氨酸含量较高的饲草,提高食源植物氨基酸营养平衡性；确保人工饲养条件下林麝饲草中含有适量的天然植物次生代谢物,遵循其自然食性特点及生理需求。
[Abstract]:Lin She (Moschus berezovskii) breeding undertakes the arduous task of reconstruction of the wild population and ensuring sustainable utilization of musk, as a precious medicinal animal, Lin She embodies the resources protection and utilization of all kinds of conflicts of interest in China. Since the last century at the end of 50s to Lin She Lin She artificial domestication and breeding, breeding industry has made remarkable achievements. However, Lin She feed and nutrition problem has been the lack of in-depth research, the Lin She feeding unit using livestock feed formula or natural plant is single, there are still no research on Lin She's choice of food and nutrition strategies. This is the first study on food preference captive Lin She, secondary metabolites of plant feeding, balance of amino acid and tannin on exogenous the intestinal immune and other aspects to carry out preliminary research, in order to provide theoretical guidance for the artificial breeding of wild habitat evaluation of Lin She, Lin She, change To provide scientific basis for making and management. The main results are as follows: 1. Lin She on food plants of sniffing and sniffing frequency decreases with time in different months, and sniffing frequency and time showed significant difference (P0.05). Feeding Lin She and feeding frequency and feeding time were significantly positive correlation (P0.05 Lin She). In May, June, July and August respectively for 6, 7, 4 and 6 plants showed positive selection, the remaining plants were negative selection, the Zhongshan Jing Zi, Celastrus and Melia azedarach is always positive selection of plant.2. Lin She natural plant feeding routine nutritional components and mineral elements are more rich, Lin She food intake were positively correlated with the content of crude protein (P0.01), was significantly negatively correlated with the content of crude fiber (P0.01); Lin She intake had extremely significant positive correlation with K (P0.01), the correlation was not significant with other mineral elements (P0.05) the content of secondary metabolites in plants.3. natural forest musk deer feeding were significantly different (P0.05), there are differences and different time accumulation of plant secondary metabolites in June: positive and negative selection between condensed tannin content in plants significantly (P0.05). Positively related to intake in July main feeding plants and simple phenols and the contents of condensed tannin (P0.05); August intake was positively related to main feeding plants and total phenolics and tannin content (P0.05).4. plant in natural musk deer feeding isoleucine (Ile), threonine (Thr) and valine (Val) and the content of amino acid pattern close to that of leucine and phenylalanine + tyrosine (Leu) (Tyr+Phe) the relative excess content of methionine + cystine (Met+Cys) lysine and parts of plants (Lys). The optimal balance of the relative lack of amino acids of Schisandra chinensis (63.22), Eucommia amino acid balance, the worst (45.81); The first limiting amino acid of Eucommia lysine (Lys), other plants were methionine + cystine (Met+Cys).5. exogenous plant tannins on musk deer feeding has obvious inhibitory effect, intake of tannin feed different gradient showed significant difference (P0.05). I, II and III graded group. Feeding and feeding period of late SIgA musk deer (secretory immunoglobulin) levels were higher than the feeding stage; but the gradient feeding and feeding stage IV, the late musk deer SIgA levels were lower than the pre feeding. Different tannin gradient feeding groups, feeding and feeding period late SIgA growth rate was significantly difference (P0.05) basis. The results of the study, we put forward the following suggestions for the forest musk deer breeding and artificial population recovery: artificial feeding or food source plants could be considered in m.baccata four months were selected, and the artificial diet in Celastrus Melia azedarach; appropriate increase of potassium containing elements The amount, to ensure normal rumen fermentation, improve feed digestibility; targeted supplementary methionine + cystine content of forage, improve food plants of amino acid nutrition balance; ensure the conditions in the right amount of natural musk deer forage plant secondary metabolites of artificial feeding, follow its natural feeding characteristics and physiological needs.

【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S865.41

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