蔬菜废弃物超高温堆肥工艺构建及其过程中的氮素损失研究

发布时间：2018-03-22 01:14

  本文选题：蔬菜废弃物　切入点：堆肥　出处：《中国农业大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着我国农业产业结构的调整,蔬菜废弃物产生量随着种植面积和产量的逐年增加而快速增加,这些废弃物因缺乏适用技术无法实现安全的资源化利用,浪费资源、污染环境的同时还势必威胁蔬菜的安全生产,因此建立适用于蔬菜废弃物的超高温堆肥工艺对于推动蔬菜产业的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文通过实验室模拟小试和中试堆肥系统分析了初始物料的容重条件(0.30、0.35和0.40 kg·L-1)、易生物降解有机质含量(27%、36%、45%、51%)和微生物菌剂对堆肥超高温实现的影响,并确定了高温可达的极限温度和持续时间,建立了蔬菜废弃物的超高温堆肥工艺体系;在此基础上分析了超高温条件对氮素转化和损失的影响,和不同类别的原位氮素损失控制措施(添加K2HP04和MgO、添加木本泥炭和间歇通风对氮损控制效果、超高温工艺、堆肥进程和产品质量等的影响,旨在建立蔬菜废弃物超高温低氮损的堆肥工艺,实现蔬菜废弃物的安全高效资源转化。所得结论如下:(1)蔬菜废弃物的超高温堆肥工艺条件为:调节初始物料容重为0.35 kg·L-1,易降解有机质比例为45%,这时可以实现最高堆肥达70℃以上;微生物菌剂的使用可以促进物料中木质素的降解,提高堆温并有效延长高温期的持续时间;蔬菜废弃物堆肥的最高堆温应当不高于75℃,75℃高温的持续时间越长,对物料降解产生的影响越大,恢复活性所需时间越长,但持续时间超过24小时后,会对堆肥进程产生不可恢复的抑制作用。(2)调节初始物料提高堆温的过程中,初始物料容重为0.3 kg·L-1时,氨气释放量大于其它容重条件,而易生物降解有机质含量为45%时,氨气释放量大于其它处理;初始物料条件相同时,氨气逸失量随温度的升高而逐渐增加。(3)蔬菜废弃物超高温堆肥过程中的氮素损失率为26.12%,微生物菌剂的使用会促进氮素的转化和氨气的逸失,最终氮素的损失率为33.00%;氨气逸失所损失的氮素在总氮损失中所占比例超过90%。(4)3种氮素损失控制措施均可以有效降低堆肥过程中的氮素损失,与对照处理相比,木本泥炭在降低氨气释放(57.54%)和控制氮素损失(54.23%)方面的效果均优于添加K2HP04和MgO(27.93%和27.50%)和间歇通风(24.17%和16.12%),但木本泥炭的添加会影响超高温条件实现。3种措施均可以促进堆肥的腐熟进程,7天可以达到完全腐熟的标准,缩短堆肥周期可以有效降低堆肥过程中的氨气逸失和氮素损失。综上,调节物料的初始容重和易生物降解有机质含量分别为0.35 kg·L-1和45%,辅以微生物菌剂和磷酸镁盐(K2HP04和MgO)进行蔬菜废弃物堆肥,堆肥周期不低于7天,即可实现蔬菜废弃物的安全资源转化并有效控制氮素损失,提高堆肥质量。
[Abstract]:With the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure in China, the production of vegetable wastes increases rapidly with the increase of planting area and output year by year. These wastes can not be used safely and waste resources because of the lack of applicable technology. Pollution of the environment at the same time is bound to threaten the safe production of vegetables, Therefore, it is of great significance to establish an ultra-high temperature composting process suitable for vegetable waste in order to promote the sustainable development of vegetable industry. In this paper, the bulk density of the initial material is analyzed by laboratory simulation and pilot-scale composting system. The effects of 0.30kg / L ~ (-1) and 0.40 kg / L ~ (-1) ~ (-1), easily biodegradable organic matter content and ~ (27) ~ (36) and microorganism fungicides on the realization of ultra-high temperature compost, The limit temperature and duration of high temperature are determined, the composting process system of vegetable waste is established, and the effect of super high temperature on nitrogen conversion and loss is analyzed. And the effects of different kinds of in-situ nitrogen loss control measures (adding K2HP04 and MgO, adding wood peat and intermittent ventilation) on nitrogen loss control, ultra-high temperature process, composting process and product quality, etc. In order to establish the composting process of vegetable waste with ultra-high temperature and low nitrogen loss, The result is as follows: the composting process condition of vegetable waste is as follows: adjusting the initial bulk weight of material is 0.35 kg / L, and the ratio of easily degradable organic matter is 45%, the highest composting can be achieved. Compost above 70 鈩，

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