神东煤田沉陷区生态受损特征及环境修复研究

发布时间：2018-03-23 20:48

  本文选题：神东煤田　切入点：地貌类型　出处：《内蒙古农业大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：神府东胜煤田生态环境先天脆弱,对外界干扰敏感,深入研究采煤沉陷区生态环境受损程度和可恢复能力是生态修复与重建的基础。以毛乌素沙地补连塔煤矿(非沉陷区,沉陷1年、3年、8年、11年区)和黄土丘陵区大柳塔煤矿(非沉陷区,沉陷1年、2年、6年、13年区)为研究对象。采用野外调查、模拟试验和盆栽试验等方法,结合主成分分析和模糊评价等数理统计手段,研究不同地貌区不同沉陷年限采空区土壤理化性质和植被对采煤沉陷的响应特点及规律,有针对性的开展沉陷区保水改土、复配成土、水肥调控和造林技术研究,可为工矿区困难立地土地复垦提供理论指导和技术支撑。研究结论如下:(1)沉陷对研究区0-100cm层土壤机械组成整体影响不明显;仅对0-20cm层物理性粘粒含量有一定影响,加剧风沙区和黄土丘陵区地表粗粒化趋势。(2)风沙区沉陷1年、3年区土壤容重显著小于非沉陷区(P0.05),总孔隙度变化规律相反,该变化特征在裂缝发育区和地表0-60cm深度表现尤为明显;沉陷后期样地容重、总孔隙度与非沉陷区均无显著差异(P0.05)。黄土丘陵沉陷区与非沉陷区容重和总孔隙度均无显著差异(P0.05)。(3)风沙区沉陷1年、3年区平均入渗速率和初期入渗速率显著大于非沉陷区(P0.05);受降雨量和土壤初期含水量差异影响,沉陷1年、3年区入渗深度相对于非沉陷区呈相反变化趋势。黄土丘陵沉陷区与非沉陷区的入渗速率、入渗深度差异均不显著(P0.05)。(4)风沙区沉陷1年、3年区土壤平均含水量显著小于非沉陷区(P0.05),该变化规律在裂缝发育区和地表0-60cm深度表现尤为明显,沉陷后期样地土壤含水量无显著差异(P0.05);黄土丘陵沉陷区与非沉陷区土壤含水量无显著差异(P0.05)。风沙区和黄土丘陵区沉陷仅造成裂缝两侧各1.0m范围内含水量显著减少(P0.05);沉陷相对高差对土壤整体含水量基本没有影响。(5)风沙区和黄土丘陵区土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾和速效钾在沉陷区和非沉陷区整体均表现为无显著差异(P0.05)。风沙区沉陷1年、3年区碱解氮和速效磷显著低于非沉陷区(P0.05),该变化规律在裂缝发育区和地表0-20cm层表现尤为明显;黄土丘陵区碱解氮和速效磷随沉陷年限延长而降低,沉陷13年区碱解氮及沉陷6年、13年区速效磷均显著低于非沉陷区(P0.05),该变化规律在沉陷盆地附近和地表0-20cm层表现尤为明显。(6)风沙区土壤理化性质总体表现为沉陷1年、3年区与非沉陷区差异较大,沉陷8年、11年区达到或接近非沉陷区水平;黄土丘陵区总体表现为沉陷1年、2年区与非沉陷区接近,沉陷6年、13年区呈退化趋势。(7)风沙区植被以灌木半灌木为主导,多年生和一二年生草本协同作用;黄土丘陵区多年生草本具有绝对优势,沉陷后期乔木在群落中消失。风沙区植被存在一科多属现象,随沉陷年限的增加植被组成趋于复杂化;黄土丘陵区植被具有显著的一科多属、一属多种的现象,植被组成的复杂程度较风沙区大。随着沉陷年限的增加,风沙区主导植物种群所属的科发生明显的改变,植被演替变化趋势明显;黄土丘陵区沉陷作用对植被影响不明显,植物群落的多样性和稳定性较高。(8)沉陷区土壤改良可采用保水剂、有机肥和覆盖等措施。单独施用PAM的最佳方式为拌施400-600mg/kg;复配土(沙土与羊粪按照5:1体积比混合)中保水剂质量配比为0.2%时效果最好;最利于柄扁桃生长的水肥调控技术组合为地膜覆盖+保水剂80g/株+肥料配比4:1(本地土/混合有机肥),最利于文冠果和欧李生长的水肥调控技术组合均为地膜覆盖+肥料配比2:3(本地土/混合有机肥)。(9)风沙区沉陷地适宜造林树种为沙柳、沙枣和樟子松,沙柳适应性最强;黄土丘陵区沉陷地造林适宜树种为长柄扁桃、油松和柠条锦鸡儿,长柄扁桃适应性最强。
[Abstract]:Shenfu Dongsheng coalfield environment inherent vulnerability, sensitive to outside interference, base area ecological environment damage research and recovery capability of coal mining subsidence ecological restoration and reconstruction of Bulianta coal mine in Maowusu sandland (non subsidence area, subsidence of 1 years, 3 years, 8 years, 11 years and loess hilly area) area in Daliuta coal mine (non subsidence area, subsidence of 1 years, 2 years, 6 years, 13 years area) as the research object. Through field investigation, simulation experiment and pot experiment method, combined with principal component analysis and fuzzy evaluation means of mathematical statistics, research on different geomorphic regions with years of goaf subsidence of soil the physicochemical properties and vegetation response to the characteristics and laws of mining subsidence, targeted to carry out water conservation soil subsidence, mixed soil, water and fertilizer control research and afforestation technology, can provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the mining area land reclamation difficult site. Conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) the study area 0-100cm layer subsidence on soil mechanical composition overall effect is not obvious; only has a certain effect on the 0-20cm layer physical clay content, increased surface area and sandy loess hilly area of coarse trend. (2) the sand subsidence area in 1 years, 3 years in the soil bulk density was significantly less than the non subsidence area (P0.05) on the contrary, the variation of total porosity, the variation is particularly obvious in the fracture zone and surface subsidence depth of 0-60cm; the late sample bulk density, total porosity and non subsidence area showed no significant difference (P0.05). The Loess Hilly subsidence area and non subsidence area bulk density and total porosity were not significantly different (P0.05 (3). Sandy area) 1 years 3 years of subsidence, average infiltration rate and initial infiltration rate was significantly higher than that of non subsidence area (P0.05); rainfall amount and initial moisture content difference, subsidence of 1 years, 3 years in infiltration depth relative to the non subsidence area showed the opposite trend. The Loess Hills Mausoleum of subsidence area and non subsidence area infiltration rate, infiltration depth had no significant difference (P0.05). (4) the sand subsidence area in 1 years, 3 years in average soil water content was significantly lower than the non subsidence area (P0.05), the variation is particularly obvious in the fracture zone and surface subsidence depth of 0-60cm. The soil moisture content had no significant difference (P0.05); Loess Hilly subsidence area and non subsidence area soil moisture content had no significant difference (P0.05). Sandy area and hilly area of the Loess Plateau subsidence caused only significantly reduce the cracks on both sides of the 1.0m range of water content (P0.05); the relative elevation subsidence had no effect on soil moisture. (5) sandy area and hilly area of the Loess Plateau soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and available potassium in the subsidence area and non subsidence area as a whole showed no significant difference (P0.05). The sand subsidence area in 1 years, 3 years in nitrogen and available phosphorus was significantly lower than that in the non subsidence area (P0. 05), the variation in the fracture zone and the surface of the 0-20cm layer is obvious in Loess Hilly Region; nitrogen and available phosphorus decreased with the length of 13 years of subsidence, subsidence area nitrogen and subsidence in 6 years, 13 years in available phosphorus were significantly lower than those in non subsidence area (P0.05), the changes of especially in near surface layer and 0-20cm subsidence basin. (6) the sand soil physicochemical properties of the overall performance of settlement for 1 years, 3 years and non subsidence area differences, subsidence of 8 years, 11 years in the non subsidence area at or near the level of the overall performance; subsidence in Loess hilly region for 1 years. 2 years and non subsidence area close to the settlement for 6 years, 13 years is the degradation trend. (7) sandy area of vegetation in the shrubs dominated, one or two perennial and annual herbaceous synergy; Loess Hilly Region perennial has an absolute advantage in the community, later subsidence trees disappear. There is vegetation in Sandy Area One is the phenomenon, with the subsidence duration increased, vegetation composition tends to be complex; vegetation in the loess hilly region has a significant branch is a genus of a variety of phenomena, the complexity of vegetation composition than the wind area. With the increase of subsidence period, plant population belongs to the Department of change obviously dominated sandy area the change trend of vegetation succession, obvious subsidence in Loess Hilly Region; effect of vegetation is not obvious, the diversity of plant community and higher stability. (8) soil modified with water retaining agent, organic fertilizer and other measures to cover. The best way to separate application of PAM for mixed applied 400-600mg/kg; compound soil (sand and in sheep 5:1 volume ratio) of water retaining agent in the mass ratio of 0.2% was the best; the most conducive to the combination of water and fertilizer control technology for the growth of prunuspedunculata mulching + aquasorb fertilizer ratio of 4:1 + 80g/ strain (local soil / mixed organic fertilizer), The most favorable combination of water and fertilizer regulation technology and growth are Xanthoceras humilis mulching fertilizer + 2:3 (local soil / mixed organic fertilizer). (9) sandy area of subsidence land suitable for afforestation tree species Elaeagnus angustifolia and Pinus sylvestris, Salix psammophila, adaptability is the strongest; subsidence in loess hilly region to build suitable species for forest Amygdalus, Pinus tabulaeformis and Caragana korshinskii, Amygdalus adaptability is the strongest.

【学位授予单位】：内蒙古农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S289
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本文编号：1655129