普氏野马马胃蝇蛆病发生特点分析

发布时间：2018-04-01 11:01

  本文选题：马胃蝇　切入点：普氏野马　出处：《北京林业大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：卡山保护区是普氏野马、蒙古野驴和家马同域生活的区域,马胃蝇蛆病是感染上述三种马科动物的重要寄生虫疾病,且每年都会重复感染。三种马科动物生境选择的差异性与感染胃蝇种类及数量是否存在相关性,马胃蝇哪些行为导致本地区马科动物蝇蛆病的重复且高发成为本研究关注的焦点。经过对马科动物和马胃蝇的行为进行调查研究后发现：(1)马胃蝇形态上一些特征为其适应内寄生生活提供条件。口钩和棘刺得以特化且变得更加发达,可以增强粘附消化道内壁的能力,防止因胃肠蠕动而排出体外；表皮极度角质化可以抵抗宿主消化酶的作用,表皮覆盖几丁质体壁,可以减少水分的大量蒸发。(2)三龄幼虫表型性状及行为特征存在相关性。胃蝇属6个种三龄幼虫种间变异率入土深度(25.25%)爬行速度(25.09%)蠕动频率(24.60%)体重(22.75%)入土时间(20.75%)体长／体宽(19.16%)三龄幼虫体宽(13.95%)三龄幼虫体长(13.03%)。根据形态特征和行为方式指标将胃蝇属6个种划分为3类,肠胃蝇、红尾胃蝇和裸节胃蝇三支聚集成为一簇,黑腹胃蝇分支单独形成一簇,鼻胃蝇和黑角胃蝇分支形成第三簇,可根据胃蝇三龄幼虫表型性状和行为性状特征进行三龄幼虫识别和鉴定。(3)首次国内发现黑腹胃蝇产卵生境。黑腹胃蝇产卵主要倾向于选择海拔900m-1000m、植物总盖度较低(20%)、驼绒藜盖度5%、针茅盖度低(10%-20%)、针茅频度60%、针茅高度1Ocm-20cm、蒿子盖度5%、植物科数和种树均5、距离水源距离小于5000m、距离驴道60m、20。的阴坡和半阴半阳的中坡位斜坡。推测此种产卵方式的选择与野马生境选择位置有关,是对其的一种适应性表现。此种选择性的产卵位置与野马采食和休息生境高度重合,是其增加寄生成功率的一种适应性改变。(4)综合分析了黑腹胃蝇成为当地优势物种的原因。黑腹胃蝇主要产卵于草上,而其它类马胃蝇主要产卵于马毛上,在新疆干旱荒漠草原,食物和水源是制约动物生存分布的限制性因子,带有虫卵的草占的比例很高,马科动物采食到附着虫卵的草叶的几率远远大于其它地区,且草叶上产卵的侵染效率高于在寄主动物的毛发上产卵效率。(5)对比分析了三种马科动物感染胃蝇差异性。本地区马胃蝇感染种类6种,且大多数马科动物感染胃蝇属种类5种(35.57%)和4种(32.22%)；野马和野驴由于生境选择位置及迁移路线和活动范围的差异性显著(P0.01),两者共作为胃蝇传播储存库而言,野驴对于传播的贡献率较于野马更大。
[Abstract]:Kashan Reserve is a common region of wild horse Mongolian wild donkey and domestic horse. Horse stomach myiasis is an important parasitic disease infected with the above three species of equine and it is repeated infection every year.Whether the difference of habitat selection among the three species of equine is related to the species and number of infected flies, and which behaviors of the horse stomach flies lead to the repetition and high incidence of maggots in the region have become the focus of this study.By investigating the behavior of horseshoe and horse stomach flies, it is found that some morphological characteristics of the horse stomach flies provide conditions for their adaptation to the parasitic life.The mouth hook and spinous thorn are specialized and developed to enhance the ability to adhere to the inner wall of the digestive tract and prevent them from being expelled from the body by gastrointestinal peristalsis; the extreme keratinization of the epidermis can resist the action of the host digestive enzyme, and the epidermis covers the walls of the chitin body.The phenotypic and behavioral characteristics of the third instar larvae were correlated.The rate of interspecific variation of the third instar larvae of six species of the genus Musca is 25.25) and the crawling speed is 25.09) the peristaltic frequency is 24.60) the body weight is 22.75) the length of the third instar larva is 20.75) the length of the third instar larva is 13.95) the length of the third instar larva is 13.03.According to the morphological characteristics and behavioral pattern indexes, six species of the genus Gastromyza were divided into 3 groups. The three branches of the genus Gastrodia, Red-tailed and Naked Gastrodia were grouped into a cluster, the branches of the Gastrodia melanogaster formed a single cluster, and the branches of the gastric flies of the nose and the stomach of the black horns formed the third cluster.The third instar larvae can be identified and identified according to the phenotypic and behavioral characteristics of the third instar larvae.Shady slopes and midslope slopes with half yin and half yang.It is inferred that the selection of this oviposition is related to the location of wild horse habitat selection, which is an adaptive performance to the wild horse.This selective oviposition coincides with the feeding and resting habitats of wild horses, which is an adaptive change to increase the parasitic success rate.In Xinjiang arid desert steppe, food and water are the restrictive factors restricting the survival and distribution of animals, and the proportion of grasses with insect eggs is very high.The efficiency of spawning on the grass leaves was higher than that on the hair of the host animals. The difference between the three species of equidae in the infection of gastric flies was analyzed.There are 6 species of gastric fly infection in this area.Most of the equine animals were infected with 5 species (35.5757) and 4 species (32.22%), and Mustang and Mustang had a significant difference in habitat selection, migration route and range of activities, both of which were regarded as a repository for transmission of gastric flies.The contribution of wild donkey to transmission is greater than that of wild horse.
【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S858.9
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本文编号：1695254