斜发沸石对滨海稻田水氮耦合效应的影响研究

发布时间：2018-05-04 16:47

  本文选题：斜发沸石 + 能量调控灌溉　； 参考：《沈阳农业大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：水资源短缺、过度施肥以及氮肥面源污染正严重威胁着水稻生产系统的可持续性和粮食安全。如何减少农业水氮资源消耗,以最小的环境代价来确保粮食安全是人类当前面临的主要任务,也是一个巨大的挑战。能量调控灌溉是一种显著水稻节水灌溉技术,可显著降低水资源消耗,提高水分生产率；而斜发沸石可增强土壤持水保肥能力和提高氮肥利用率,在不同土壤和多种旱作物上都得到了广泛的应用。但斜发沸石在淹灌稻田环境下的研究不多,在能量调控灌溉下更不多见。因此,本研究将斜发沸石应用到能量调控灌溉的水稻生产系统当中,通过能量调控灌溉来实现水稻节水,用斜发沸石来改善稻田表层土壤持水和保肥特性、优化稻田水氮耦合效应,进而实现水稻节水、节氮和高产栽培。采用裂-裂区大田试验设计,研究了氮肥管理和沸石修补以及其交互作用对稻田土壤理化性质、水稻生长发育、干物质积累、氮素积累、水稻产量和氮肥利用的影响,构建了氮-沸石生产模型,阐明了斜发沸石对水稻增产、稻田节肥和提高氮素积累的机理；运用蒸渗仪,采用裂-裂-裂区试验设计,分析了灌溉模式、氮肥管理和沸石修补及其交互效应对水稻生产、土壤氮残余、水氮资源消耗和利用率的影响,研究了斜发沸石对水、肥激励机制和协同作用的影响及调控机理。本研究还从资源消耗角度对水稻生产系统进行了成本效益分析,提出了不同水、氮和沸石处理的最佳组合模式,并从碾磨、外观、营养、蒸煮和食味多重品质角度评估了最佳组合模式的可行性。主要结论如下：(1)常规淹灌稻田增施斜发沸石(5～15 t·ha~(-1))能显著提高土壤阳离子交换量,提高土壤有效氮(20.6%-70.0%)和钾(9.7%-30.7%),增强土壤肥力,但对土壤总氮和有机质的影响不大。稻田增施斜发沸石显著提高了地上总干物质积累和总氮素提取,进而显著提高氮肥表观利用率和农艺利用率。从产量构成角度来看,沸石增产是因为斜发沸石显著提高水稻有效穗数；而有效穗数的提高是因为稻田增施斜发沸石在茎蘖动态曲线下降过程降低了无效分蘖。施氮技术同沸石技术相结合,等效于缓释肥,可延长氮肥肥效,极显著提高氮肥农艺利用率和表观利用率。(2)稻田应用斜发沸石能显著提高土壤含水量,增强土壤的持水能力和保水能力。土壤基质势在-35～0 kPa范围内,斜发沸石对土壤保水能力增效随土壤缺水程度的增加而提高,而过度缺水后沸石的增效则有所下降。稻田应用5,10和15 t·ha~(-1)斜发沸石,减少全生育期总灌溉用水量4.3%、8.7%和9.7%,提高水分生产率8.5%、23.9%和29.6%。沸石的节水潜力是因为增施斜发沸石可提高土壤持水性能,改善稻田土壤水分状况。(3)稻田应用能量调控灌溉可减少灌溉水28.4%、提高水分利用率56.6%,增产11.5%。能量调控灌溉的节水潜力主要体现在分蘖期、拔节孕穗期和乳熟期,较之淹灌,水稻腾发量分别减少64.8%、26.2%和15.4%。能量调控灌溉在3个低氮水平下具有明显的增产效果,但在高氮水平下同淹灌差异不大。同时,高氮处理易导致氮肥表观利用率的降低。(4)沸石修补与能量调控灌溉的结合,不仅传承了能量调控灌溉节水增产的特点,还可以缓冲水肥胁迫对作物的伤害,在能量调控灌溉的基础上进一步节水,提高水分生产率。在持续淹灌下稻田,增施5-15 t·ha~(-1)斜发沸石提高水分生产率4.3%-20.1%；而在能量调控灌溉下,水分生产率提高12.9-36.9%,增效更为明显。(5)沸石修补、能量调控灌溉和氮肥管理技术三者相结合,可充分激发水肥耦合的激励机制和协同作用,降低能量调控灌溉的不利影响：避免能量调控灌溉等节水灌溉在高氮肥处理下水稻产量以及表层土壤有效氮肥略有下降的现象。因为斜发沸石内部丰富的比表面积以及沸石水,提高了土壤持水性能,改善了稻田土壤水分状况,为作物生长提供充足的水分,尤其在控水时期,降低干旱胁迫对产量的负面影响；沸石极强的阳离子交换能力,提高了稻田保肥能力,从而提高稻田氮肥有效性,为作物生长提供了较好的营养条件。成本效益分析表明,I_(EC)N_(105)Z_(10)处理收益最高,即采用能量调控灌溉+105 kg·ha~(-1)施氮+10 t·ha~(-1)斜发沸石,收益达30,764元ha~(-1)(只考虑资源投入和稻谷产出)。与常规管理模式(I_(CF)N_(157.5)Z_0,持续淹灌+施氮量157.5 kg·ha~(-1)+无沸石处理)相比,该处理节水27.8%,省氮33.3%,增产10.6%,提高水分利用率、氮肥利用率和表观利用率分别为52.5%、89.2%和54.5%。同时,其正效应至少能持续两年。对于能量调控灌溉无法实现的地区,可采用I_(CF)N_(105)Z_5处理,即持续淹灌+105 kg·ha~(-1)氮肥+5 t·ha~(-1)斜发沸石。该处理产量略高于常规处理,但可减少施氮33.3%。能量调控灌溉(I_(EC)N_(105)Z_(10))和淹灌(I_(CF)N_(105)Z_5)下最佳水稻生产系统的提出,为实现在高产稳产的同时,降低水稻生产系统水氮资源消耗和环境代价提供了一种新途径。(6)能量调控灌溉对整精米率和垩白粒率有一定负面影响,但对碾磨、营养和蒸煮品质营养(除峰值粘度)均没有显著的影响。而稻田沸石修补对碾磨品质、外观品质和蒸煮品质影响不大,但增施沸石显著提高大米蛋白含量,降低食味品质。但推荐的I_(EC)N_(105)Z_(10)和I_(CF)N_(105)Z_5处理同对照组I_(CF)N_(157.5)Z_0多重比较发现,采用传统水稻生产系统(淹灌,稻田土壤不添加沸石)向采用节水灌溉技术和土壤填加沸石修补(I_(EC)N_(105)Z_(10))以及土壤单独进行沸石修补(I_(CF)N_(105)Z_5)的生产系统转变不会影响水稻碾磨、外观、营养、食味和蒸煮品质。
[Abstract]:The shortage of water resources, excessive fertilization and nitrogen fertilizer pollution are serious threat to the sustainability of rice production system and food safety. How to reduce the consumption of agricultural water and nitrogen resources and ensure food security at the minimum environmental cost is a major task facing mankind. It is also a great challenge. Energy regulation and control irrigation is a significant problem. Rice water-saving irrigation technology can significantly reduce water consumption and increase water productivity, while clinoptilolite can enhance soil water holding capacity and increase nitrogen utilization rate, it has been widely used in different soil and various dry crops. However, the study of clinoptilolite in the environment of flooding rice field is not much, and under the energy regulation and control irrigation, the clinoptilolite has been more widely used. Therefore, this study applies the clinoptilolite to the rice production system with energy regulation and control irrigation to save water through energy regulation and control irrigation. Using clinoptilolite to improve the water holding and fertilizer conservation characteristics of the surface soil in the paddy field, optimize the water nitrogen coupling effect in the paddy field, and then realize the water saving, nitrogen saving and high yield cultivation of rice. The field experimental design was designed to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer management and zeolite repair and its interaction on the physical and chemical properties of paddy soil, rice growth and development, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, rice yield and nitrogen use, and a nitrogen zeolite production model was constructed. The effect of irrigation mode, nitrogen fertilizer management and zeolite repair and its interaction effect on rice production, soil nitrogen residue, water and nitrogen resources consumption and utilization were analyzed by using the steam permeation instrument and the split split zone test design. The influence and regulation mechanism of the clinoptilolite on water, fertilizer incentive mechanism and synergism were studied. The cost benefit analysis of rice production system was carried out by source consumption. The optimum combination mode of different water, nitrogen and zeolite treatment was put forward, and the feasibility of the optimum combination model was evaluated from milling, appearance, nutrition, cooking and taste multiple quality. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) adding clinoptilolite (5~15 t. Ha~ (-) to the conventional flooding rice field (-) 1)) can significantly increase soil cation exchange capacity, increase soil available nitrogen (20.6%-70.0%) and potassium (9.7%-30.7%), enhance soil fertility, but have little effect on soil total nitrogen and organic matter. The addition of clinoptilolite in paddy field increases the accumulation of total dry matter and total nitrogen extraction, and thus significantly improves the utilization of nitrogen fertilizer and agronomic utilization. Rate. From the point of yield composition, the increase in the yield of zeolite was because the clinoptilolite significantly increased the number of effective panicles in rice, but the increase of effective spikes was due to the reduction of the invalid tillers in the process of decreasing the dynamic curve of the tiller. The utilization rate and apparent utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer are improved. (2) the application of clinoptilolite in paddy field can significantly increase soil water content, enhance the water holding capacity and water holding capacity of soil. The effect of soil matrix potential in the range of -35 to 0 kPa increases with the increase of soil water shortage, and the synergistic effect of zeolite after excessive water shortage The application of 5,10 and 15 t. Ha~ (-1) clinoptilolite in paddy field to reduce total irrigation water consumption 4.3%, 8.7% and 9.7%, increase water productivity 8.5%, 23.9% and 29.6%. zeolite for water-saving potential is because the application of clinoptilolite can improve soil water holding performance and improve soil moisture status in paddy field. (3) paddy field application of energy regulation irrigation can be used. The irrigation water was reduced by 28.4%, and the water utilization rate was increased by 56.6%. The water saving potential of the 11.5%. energy control irrigation was mainly reflected in the tillering stage, the jointing booting stage and the milk ripening period, compared with the flooding irrigation, the rice evapotranspiration was reduced by 64.8% respectively. The 26.2% and 15.4%. energy regulation irrigation had obvious effect on increasing yield at the 3 low nitrogen levels, but at the high nitrogen level. (4) the combination of zeolite repair and energy regulation irrigation not only inherits the characteristics of energy regulation and control irrigation, but also buffers the damage of water and fertilizer stress on crops, and further water-saving and water productivity on the basis of energy regulation irrigation. Under continuous flooding, 5-15 t. Ha~ (-1) clinoptilolite increased the water productivity 4.3%-20.1%, while the water productivity increased by 12.9-36.9% and the synergistic effect was more obvious under the energy regulation and control irrigation. (5) zeolite repair, energy regulation irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer management technology were combined to stimulate the stimulation mechanism and synergism of the coupling of water and fertilizer. Reducing the adverse effects of energy regulation irrigation: to avoid energy regulation irrigation and other water-saving irrigation under high nitrogen treatment, rice yield and effective nitrogen fertilizer decreased slightly in the surface soil, because the abundant specific surface area and zeolite water inside the clinoptilolite increased the soil water holding capacity and improved the soil moisture status in the paddy field, as a crop. The growth provided sufficient water, especially during the water control period, reducing the negative effects of drought stress on the yield; the strong cation exchange capacity of the zeolite increased the ability to maintain the fertilizer in the paddy field, thus improved the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in the paddy field, and provided a better nutritional condition for the crop growth. The results of the benefit analysis showed that the I_ (EC) N_ (105) Z_ (10) treatment was the most profitable. High, that is, the use of energy regulation irrigation +105 kg / ha~ (-1) nitrogen +10 t. Ha~ (-1) clinoptilolite, yield up to 30764 yuan ha~ (-1) (only consider resource input and rice output). Compared with the conventional management model (I_ (CF) 157.5), continuous flooding + nitrogen fertilizer 157.5 + no zeolite treatment), the treatment of water saving 27.8%, nitrogen 33.3%, increase production 10.6%, increase The water utilization rate, nitrogen utilization rate and apparent utilization rate are 52.5%, 89.2% and 54.5%., respectively. The positive effect can last for at least two years. I_ (CF) N_ (105) Z_5 can be used in the areas where the energy regulation and control irrigation can not be realized, that is, the continuous flooding of +105 kg. Ha~ (-1) nitrogenous fertilizer +5 t. But it can reduce the optimal rice production system under 33.3%. (I_ (EC) N_ (105) Z_ (10)) and submergence (I_ (CF) N_ (105) Z_5). A new way is provided for reducing the water and nitrogen resources consumption and environmental costs of rice production system at the same time of high and stable yield. (6) energy regulation and control irrigation on the whole concentrate rice rate and the chalkiness grain rate. There were certain negative effects, but there was no significant influence on milling, nutritional and cooking quality nutrition (except peak viscosity). The repair of zeolite in paddy field had little effect on milling quality, appearance quality and cooking quality, but adding zeolite significantly increased rice protein content and reduced taste quality. However, the recommended I_ (EC) N_ (105) Z_ (10) and I_ (CF) N_ (105) Z_5 treatment Multiple comparison with the control group I_ (CF) N_ (157.5) Z_0 found that the transformation of the traditional rice production system (flooding irrigation, paddy soil without adding zeolite) to the use of water-saving irrigation technology and soil filling zeolite mending (I_ (EC) N_ (105) Z_ (10)) and the production system transformation of the soil individually modified (I_ (CF) N_ (105) Z_5) did not affect rice milling and appearance, Nutrition, taste and cooking quality.

【学位授予单位】：沈阳农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S511
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本文编号：1843811