中低产黄泥田培肥模式与氮素高效利用研究

发布时间：2018-05-13 22:34

本文选题：黄泥田 + 有机培肥　；参考：《浙江大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：黄泥田是我国南方广泛分布的一种低产水稻土,其具有土壤酸性强、有机质缺乏、速效养分含量低等特点,这使水稻产量长年维持在一个中低水平。在我国人口逐年增长与耕地面积不断减少的矛盾下,提高土地粮食单产,特别是挖掘中低产田的增产潜力变得尤为重要。本文以金衢盆地典型中低产黄泥田为研究对象,通过化肥与不同有机物料配施培肥效应对比、一次性基施新型缓/控释氮肥品种筛选以及不同栽培方法和施肥模式田间试验,开展以下三个方面的研究:(1)中低产黄泥田土壤肥力关键限制因子消减与地力提升机理;(2)不同稻作体系水稻产量和氮素利用效率协同提高实现途径;(3)不同栽培方法和氮肥管理模式下水稻生长发育过程和产量形成特征。取得的主要研究结果如下:1.与单施化肥相比,连续5年化肥与有机肥配施不仅显著提高了单季稻产量(6.6%～11.2%),还明显改善了土壤肥力状况,显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮和微生物量碳含量。其中化肥与牛粪配施效果最佳,5年平均产量最高(9.66 t hm-2),而且该条件下土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和pH增幅最大,土壤容重较单施化肥处理明显降低。2.化肥与牛粪配施处理0-5 cm、5-10 cm和10-20 cm层土壤总有机碳(TOC)、高锰酸钾氧化有机碳(KMn04-C)和微生物量碳(MBC)均为最高。土壤碳库管理指数(CMI)、KMnO4-C和MBC适合作为敏感指示因子来评估耕层土壤碳库最初变化,而可溶性有机碳(DOC)不适合作为土壤质量变化的早期指示指标。施肥对于下层土壤颗粒态有机碳(POC)影响不明显。总体来讲,化肥与牛粪搭配施用是最有效提高中低产黄泥田土壤碳库的管理模式。3.与单施化肥相比,化肥与牛粪配施处理0-5 cm、5-10 cm、10-20 cm和20-30 cm土层的土壤pH值分别显著提高0.23、0.16、0.29和0.27个pH单位(P0.05)。化肥与菇渣、紫云英和秸秆配施方式的土壤pH提高不明显。牛粪长期施用可以提高各层土壤盐基离子含量,其中以Ca2+、Mg2+增加最为显著。目前每年120kg hm-2K2O投入量不能达到养分平衡,各处理土壤速效钾含量较试验前均有显著的降低。长期施用牛粪可以降低土壤中交换性酸和交换性Al3+含量。综上所述,化肥与牛粪配施是缓解黄泥田酸性的最佳施肥方式。4.Acidobacteria和Proteobacteria为黄泥田水稻土中微生物优势类群。土壤有机碳含量高低对土壤微生物群落多样性的影响最大。连续5年化肥与有机物料配施提高了土壤耕层有机碳含量,进而增加了土壤细菌物种数和群落多样性,其中以化肥与牛粪配施效果最为明显。此外,化肥与牛粪配施提高了Rhizobium相对丰度,可能改变了土壤氮素的生物地球化学过程。5.不同稻作体系下应采用不同的施肥模式。与农户传统分施尿素(PU 100%)相比,早、晚稻上一次性基施生化抑制尿素(NPU 100%)5年平均显著增产9.7%和9.5%,氮肥利用率显著提高10.3和8.8个百分点,而单季稻上两种施肥模式在产量和氮肥利用率上没有明显差异。早稻上一次性基施全量硫磺树脂双包膜尿素(SPCU)效果不明显,晚稻和单季稻上施用SPCU能显著增产和提高氮肥利用率。早、晚稻和单季稻上硫磺树脂双包膜尿素和普通尿素掺混后一次性基施均较农户传统分施尿素增产和提高氮肥利用率。6.在传统手栽和模拟机插两种栽培方式下,一次性基施控释BB肥四年平均籽粒产量较农户习惯施肥分别显著提高7.7%(9.9 vs.9.2 t hm-2)和5.2%(9.9 vs.9.5 t hm-2)(P0.05)。在直播栽培方式下,平均四年产量一次性基施控释BB肥较农户习惯施肥减产3%(8.2 vs.8.5 t hm-2),这可能是由于控释BB肥养分释放不能够与直播稻养分吸收同步。平均两种氮肥管理方式,传统手栽和模拟机插方式较直播稻四年平均增产14.0%和16.1%(P0.05)。这主要是由于移栽稻提高了水稻抽穗后叶片SPAD,叶面积指数(LAI)和叶面积持续期(LAD)。
[Abstract]:The yellow mud field is a kind of low yield paddy soil widely distributed in the south of China. It has the characteristics of strong soil acidity, lack of organic matter and low available nutrient content. This makes the yield of rice maintain at a middle and low level for a long time. In China, the growth of the population and the continuous reduction of the arable land area will increase the yield of the land grain, especially in the middle and low level. In this paper, the yellow mud field in the typical middle and low yield fields of Jinqu basin is the research object. By comparing the effect of fertilizer and different organic materials with the effect of fertilization, a new type of new type of slow / controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer selection, the different cultivation methods and the fertilization mode field test have been carried out in the following three aspects: (1) The key limiting factor of soil fertility reduction and the mechanism of soil fertility improvement in the medium and low yield yellow paddy fields; (2) the rice yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency in different rice cropping systems were improved, and (3) different cultivation methods and nitrogen fertilizer management models were used to develop rice growth and development and yield formation. The main results were as follows: 1. and single fertilizer application The combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer for 5 years not only significantly improved the yield of single season rice (6.6% to 11.2%), but also significantly improved the soil fertility condition, significantly improved soil organic matter, total nitrogen and microbial biomass carbon content, among which fertilizer and cow dung had the best effect, the average yield of 5 years was the highest (9.66 t hm-2), and the soil organic matter was organic under this condition. The increase of quality, total nitrogen, effective phosphorus and pH was the greatest. The soil bulk density was significantly lower than that of single fertilizer treatment..2. fertilizer and cow dung were treated with 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm layer soil total organic carbon (TOC), Potassium Permanganate oxidation organic carbon (KMn04-C) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were the highest. The soil carbon bank management index (CMI), KMnO4-C and MBC were suitable for sensitivity. The indicator factor was used to evaluate the initial change of soil carbon pool in the plough soil, and soluble organic carbon (DOC) was not suitable as an early indicator for the change of soil quality. The effect of Fertilization on the organic carbon (POC) in the lower soil was not obvious. In general, the application of chemical fertilizer and cow dung is the most effective management model of the medium and low yield yellow mud soil soil carbon pool. Compared with the single application of chemical fertilizer, the soil pH value of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil layer was significantly increased by 0.23,0.16,0.29 and 0.27 pH units (P0.05), respectively. The increase of the soil pH increased by the fertilizer with the mushroom residue, the cloud and the straw. The long-term application of the cow dung could increase the content of the salt base ions in the soil layers. Ca2+, Mg2+ increased most significantly. At present, the annual 120kg hm-2K2O input could not reach the nutrient balance, and the content of soil available potassium in each treatment was significantly lower than that before the test. Long term application of cow dung could reduce the exchangeable acid and exchangeable Al3+ content in the soil. The best fertilization methods.4.Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria were the dominant groups in the paddy soil of yellow mud field. The soil organic carbon content had the greatest influence on the soil microbial community diversity. The organic carbon content of soil plough layer was increased by the combination of chemical fertilizer and organic material for 5 years, and the number of soil bacteria species and community diversity were added. In addition, the combination of fertilizer and cow dung has the most obvious effect. In addition, the combination of chemical fertilizer and cow dung improves the relative abundance of Rhizobium, which may change the biogeochemical process of soil nitrogen, and the different fertilization modes should be adopted under different rice systems in.5. system. Compared with the traditional application of urea (PU 100%) to the farmers, the biochemical inhibition of the one-time base application on the late rice is early. The average yield of urea (NPU 100%) increased by 9.7% and 9.5% in 5 years, and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer was significantly increased by 10.3 and 8.8 percentage points, while there was no significant difference between the yield and nitrogen utilization rate of the two fertilization modes on the single season rice. The effect of the full sulphur resin double coated urea (SPCU) on the early rice was not obvious, and the application of SPCU in the late rice and the single season rice was not obvious. Significant increase in yield and nitrogen utilization ratio. Early, late rice and single cropping rice with sulphur resin, double coated urea and ordinary urea were compared with farmers' traditional application of urea to increase production and increase nitrogen utilization ratio.6. in traditional hand planting and simulated machine inserting two kinds of cultivation methods, and the average grain yield of one time base controlled release BB fertilizer for four years was higher than that of agriculture. The customary fertilization was significantly increased by 7.7% (9.9 vs.9.2 t hm-2) and 5.2% (9.9 vs.9.5 t hm-2) (P0.05). Under direct seeding, the average four year yield of one-off basis controlled release BB fertilizer was 3% (8.2 vs.8.5 t hm-2) less than that of the farmers, which may be due to the fact that the release of the controlled release nutrient nutrient was not synchronized with the nutrient absorption of direct seeding rice. The average two was not synchronized with the nutrient absorption of the direct seeding rice. The traditional method of nitrogen fertilizer management was increased by 14% and 16.1% (P0.05) in four years than that of direct seeding rice. This was mainly due to the increase of leaf SPAD, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD) of rice after heading.

【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S147

【参考文献】