自然放牧与舍饲育肥条件下阿尔巴斯白绒山羊脂肪与蛋白质代谢的差异比较研究

发布时间：2018-05-22 17:48

  本文选题：自然放牧 + 舍饲育肥　； 参考：《内蒙古农业大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：论文主要研究了自然放牧和舍饲育肥条件下阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羔羊和成年羊羊肉脂肪酸(FA)和氨基酸(AA)组成的变化规律和存在的差异,并从脂类和蛋白质代谢相关的血液和组织生化指标、相关基因和蛋白质表达及其与日粮组成的关系角度,探讨其存在差异的主要原因,寻找可能影响羊肉FA和AA组成的关键因素,为通过日粮调控羊肉的品质和风味进而提高羊肉质量提供理论依据。论文采用2×2完全随机试验设计,健康无病的4月龄阿尔巴斯白绒山羊断奶羔羊(KG,20.36±0.32kg)60只和5岁成年羊(AG,40.38±0.84kg)60只,分为4组,每组30只。因素一为育肥方式,分为自然放牧育肥(PF)与舍饲育肥(SF,采食全混合日粮)。因素二为年龄,分别为AG与KG。AG的育肥期为60d,分为育肥前期(1-30d,8月份)和后期(31-60d,9月份)；KG育肥期为90d,分为育肥前期(1-30d,8月份)、中期(31-60d,9月份)和后期(61-90d,10月份)。试验于育肥试验结束前一周,每组随机选6只羊早晨空腹采集血液,屠宰后采集背最长肌、臂肌、股肌、臀肌、皮下脂肪、肾脂、尾脂、肠系膜脂和大网膜脂。论文分6个试验,试验1比较研究了自然放牧与舍饲育肥条件下绒山羊KG与AG日粮FA与AA组成。试验2与试验3分别研究了自然放牧与舍饲育肥条件下绒山羊KG和AG羊肉FA、AA含量与组成的差异,探讨育肥方式和年龄对绒山羊羊肉品质的影响。试验4研究了自然放牧与舍饲育肥条件下绒山羊KG与AG脂肪和蛋白质代谢有关的血液生化指标及组织酶活的变化规律,探讨了育肥方式和年龄对绒山羊脂肪和蛋白质代谢的影响。试验5与试验6分别研究了自然放牧与舍饲育肥条件下绒山羊KG与AG脂肪代谢和蛋白质代谢相关基因mRNA和蛋白质表达量的变化规律,从基因转录与蛋白质表达水平分析了两种育肥条件下羊肉品质存在差异的主要机理。在本试验条件下得出以下结果：(1)从日粮FA含量及进食量分析,与PF组相比,SF组日粮SFA含量及进食量较高,其中主要是C16：0和C18：0,其次是C17：0、C15：0、C20：0、C13：0；MUFA含量及进食量较高,其中主要是C18：ln-9c,其次是C15：1、C18：1n-9t、C22：1n-9和C17：1：ω-6PUFA含量及进食量较高,其中主要是C18：2n-6c,其次是C22：2n-6、C18：2n-6t和C20：4n-6;ω-3PUFA含量及进食量较低,其中主要C18：3n-3,其次是EPA。(2)从日粮AA含量及进食量分析,与PF组相比,SF组日粮EAA含量及进食量较高,其中主要是Leu和Arg,其次是Thr、His和Val；NEAA含量及进食量较高,其中主要是Glu,其次是Tyr、Cys、Ala和Sen LAA含量及进食量较高,其中主要是Met；BCAA含量及进食量较高,其中主要是Leu,其次是Val；FAA含量及进食量较高,其中主要是Glu,其次是Leu和Arg；DAA含量及进食量较高,其中主要是Glu,其次是Arg、Cys、Ala和Met。(3)与PF组相比,SF组多数肌肉和脂肪组织的SFA含量较高,其中主要的FA是C18：0,其次是C16：0、C14：0、C20：0、C17：0、C22：0、C10：0、C8：0；MUFA含量较高,其中主要是C18：1n-9c；ω-6PUFA含量较高,其中主要是C18：2n-6c,其次是C18：3n-6和C20：3n-6；ω-3PUFA和PUFA含量较低,其中主要C18：3n-3,其次是EPA和DHA。与KG相比,AG多数肌肉和脂肪组织的SFA含量较高,其中主要的FA是C18：0和C16：0,其次是C4：0、C10：0、C12：0、C14：0、C15：0、C21：0、C22：0和C24：0；MUFA含量较低,其中主要的FA是C18：1n-9c,其次是C18：1n-9t;PUFA和ω-3PUFA含量较低,其中主要是C18：3n-3,其次是EPA和DHA。(4)与PF组相比,SF组多数肌肉组织EAA较高,其中主要是Leu,其次是Lys、Val、His、Phe、Met;NEAA较高,其中主要是Tyr,其次是Pro;BCAA较高,其中主要是Leu,其次是Val；与AG相比,KG多数肌肉组织EAA较高,其中主要是Val,其次是Arg、Leu、Lys、Thr、Phe；NEAA较高,其中主要是Glu,其次是Asp、Ala、Gly、Ser;BCAA较高,其中主要是Leu,其次是Val；FAA较高,其中主要是Glu,其次是Leu和Arg；DAA较高,其中主要是Glu,其次是Asp、Ala、Arg。(5)与PF组相比,SF组显著提高了绒山羊血清TP、TG、BUN、CHO、LDL-C、GLU、T3、INS和IGF-1含量,而NEFA、HDL-C、COR和Leptin含量相反；显著提高了血清、肝脏、皮下脂肪及背最长肌的ACC、FAS、MDH、LPL、SCD和pGSK3β活性,降低了HSL、BCAT2、BCKD和GSK3β活性。AG组血清TG、LDL-C、INS和PG含量显著高于KG组,而NEFA、TP、BUN、HDL-C、LDL-C、GLU、HGH、Lep和IGF-1含量显著低于KG；AG组血清和组织ACC和pGSK3β活性显著高于KG组,而LPL、HSL和SCD活性相反。(6)与PF组相比,SF组上调了肌肉、脂肪和肝脏组织中ACC、FAS、DGAT1、SCD、LPL、SREBP1c、C/EBPα的mRNA表达量,下调了HSL、PPARy, Pref-1和β-catenin的mRNA表达量；与KG组相比,AG组ACC、DGAT1、SREBP-1c和C/EBPa的nRNA表达量显著提高,而SCD、Pref-1、HSL、LPL和β-catenin的mRNA表达量显著降低,Wnt信号通路中蛋白表达的规律基本与基因转录规律相似。(7)与PF相比,SF组显著上调了肌肉中mTORC, S6K1和eIF-4G mRNA表达量显著降低,显著下调了4E-BP1mRNA表达量；与KG组相比,AG组显著下调了肌肉中mTOR和S6K1的mRNA表达量,而显著上调了4EBP1的mRNA表达量；mTOR信号通路中蛋白表达的规律基本与基因转录规律相似。综上所述：从脂肪酸营养角度分析,自然放牧的绒山羊肉营养价值优于舍饲育肥,断奶羔羊肉营养价值优于成年绒山羊。主要原因之一是两种育肥条件下日粮的FA含量与组成不同,与放牧育肥相比,舍饲育肥日粮PUFA含量降低,提高了组织中与FA从头合成相关的FAS、ACC和SREBP1c mRNA表达量,进而提高了从头合成相关酶ACC、FAS、SCD及MDH的活性及血清中INS和IGF-1含量,导致了体组织中SFA和MUFA含量的增加；日粮中C18：2n6、C18：3n-3和EPA含量是导致体组织相应FA差异的主要原因。从蛋白质营养角度分析,舍饲育肥绒山羊羊肉的AA组成优于自然放牧组,断奶羔羊羊肉的AA组成优于成年绒山羊。其主要原因之一是日粮AA含量与组成不同,与放牧育肥相比,舍饲育肥日粮中Leu含量较高,提高了血清中INS和IGF-1含量,激活了mTOR信号通路,提高了mTOR、S6K1、4EBP1的mRNA及其磷酸化蛋白的表达量,进而促进了蛋白质合成；降低了BCAT1和BCKD活性,提高了肌肉中BCAA含量。
[Abstract]:The changes and differences in the composition of fatty acid (FA) and amino acid (AA) of the lamb and adult sheep mutton of the White Cashmere Goat and adult sheep were studied under the conditions of natural grazing and manure, and the blood and tissue biochemical indexes related to the lipid and protein metabolism, the expression of related genes and proteins and their relationship with the diet composition were studied. The main reasons for the difference were discussed, and the key factors that could affect the composition of mutton FA and AA were found, and the theoretical basis was provided to improve the quality and flavor of mutton by diet. The 2 x 2 complete random test was designed, and the healthy 4 month old Alzheimer's goats were weaned (KG, 20.36 + 0). .32kg) 60 and 5 year old adult sheep (AG, 40.38 + 0.84kg) 60, divided into 4 groups, 30 in each group. One is the fattening mode, which is divided into natural grazing and fattening (PF) and fattening (SF, full mixing diet). The second factor is the age of AG and KG.AG, which are divided into pre fattening (1-30d, August) and late (31-60d, September), and KG fattening period. 90d, divided into the pre fattening (1-30d, August), mid-term (31-60d, September) and late (61-90d, October). A week before the end of the fattening test, 6 sheep were randomly selected to collect the blood on the empty stomach in the morning. After slaughter, the longest muscle, arm, femoral, gluteus, subcutaneous fat, kidney fat, tail fat, mesenteric fat and greater omentum fat were collected. The paper was divided into 6 experiments. Experiment 1 compared the composition of FA and AA of cashmere goats KG and AG diets under the conditions of natural grazing and rounding and feeding. Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 studied the differences in FA, AA content and composition of cashmere goat KG and AG mutton, and the influence of age on the quality of sheep mutton under the condition of natural grazing and rounding and feeding, respectively. Experiment 4 studied the nature of the fattening method and age. The blood biochemical indexes related to the metabolism of KG and AG fat and protein metabolism and the changes of tissue enzyme activity in cashmere goats and cashmere goats were studied. The effects of fattening mode and age on the metabolism of fat and protein in cashmere goats were discussed. Experiment 5 and test 6 studied the KG and AG fatty generation of cashmere goats under the conditions of natural grazing and fattening. The variation of mRNA and protein expression of protein metabolism related genes, the main mechanism of the difference of mutton quality in two fattening conditions was analyzed from gene transcription and protein expression level. The following results were obtained under the test conditions: (1) analysis of dietary FA content and food intake, compared with group PF, SFA content in SF diet C16:0 and C18:0 are high, followed by C17:0, C15:0, C20:0, C13:0; MUFA content and food intake are higher, which are mainly C18:ln-9c, followed by C15:1, C18:1n-9t, C22:1n-9 and C17:1: the content of Omega and food is higher. 0:4n-6, the content of Omega -3PUFA and food intake were low, the main C18:3n-3, followed by EPA. (2) from the diet AA content and food intake analysis. Compared with the PF group, the EAA content and food intake of the SF group were higher, mainly Leu and Arg, followed by Thr, His and intake. The content and food intake are high, mainly Met, BCAA content and food intake, which is mainly Leu, followed by Val, FAA content and food intake is higher, which is mainly Glu, followed by Leu and Arg, DAA content and higher food intake, mainly Glu, Cys, Cys, 3), most muscles and fat groups The SFA content of the fabric is high, the main FA is C18:0, followed by C16:0, C14:0, C20:0, C17:0, C22:0, C10:0, C8:0; the MUFA content is higher. The SFA content of most muscles and adipose tissues in AG is higher than that of EPA and DHA., and the main FA is C18:0 and C16:0, and the second is C4:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, etc. If C18:3n-3, followed by EPA and DHA. (4) compared with the PF group, the majority of the muscle tissues in the SF group are higher in EAA, mainly Leu, followed by Lys, Val, His, Phe, and Met. U, Lys, Thr, Phe, and NEAA are higher, which are mainly Glu, followed by Asp, Ala, Gly, Ser, and BCAA. And the content of IGF-1, NEFA, HDL-C, COR and Leptin, significantly increased the ACC of the serum, liver, subcutaneous fat and the longest muscle in the back, FAS, MDH, LPL, SCD and pGSK3 beta activity. The activity of ACC and pGSK3 beta in the serum and tissue of the AG group was significantly higher than that in the KG group, while LPL, HSL and SCD activity was opposite. (6) compared with the PF group, the SF group up regulated the expression quantity of muscle, fat and liver tissue. The expression of nRNA in DGAT1, SREBP-1c and C/EBPa increased significantly, while the expression of mRNA in SCD, Pref-1, HSL, LPL and beta -catenin decreased significantly. The regularity of protein expression in the Wnt signaling pathway was similar to that of gene transcription. (7) compared with PF, the group significantly increased the expression of muscle in muscle and decreased significantly. 1mRNA expression, compared with the KG group, the AG group significantly reduced the mRNA expression of mTOR and S6K1 in the muscles, and significantly increased the mRNA expression of 4EBP1. The regularity of protein expression in the mTOR signaling pathway was similar to that of the gene transcription rule. The nutritional value of weaning lamb is better than that of adult cashmere goats. One of the main reasons is that the content and composition of FA in the diet are different under the two fattening conditions. Compared with the grazing and fattening, the content of PUFA in the diet is reduced, and the expression of FAS, ACC and SREBP1c mRNA in the tissue and the ab initio synthesis in the tissue is improved, and the ab initio phase is improved. The activity of ACC, FAS, SCD and MDH and the content of INS and IGF-1 in the serum resulted in an increase in the content of SFA and MUFA in the body tissues, and C18:2n6, C18:3n-3 and EPA in the diet were the main causes of the corresponding FA differences in body tissues. The AA composition of lamb and mutton is better than that of Adult Cashmere goat. One of the main reasons is that the content of AA in the diet is different from that of the diet, and the content of Leu in the diet is high, and the content of INS and IGF-1 in the serum is higher, the mTOR signaling pathway is activated, the mRNA of mTOR, S6K1,4EBP1 and the expression of phosphorylated protein are enhanced, and then the content of the mTOR and the phosphorylated protein is promoted. Protein synthesis reduced BCAT1 and BCKD activity and increased BCAA content in muscle.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S827
，

本文编号：1923040