中亚热带天然阔叶林林层特征研究

发布时间：2018-06-29 19:27

本文选题：中亚热带天然阔叶林 + 最大受光面　；参考：《中国林业科学研究院》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：中国中亚热带天然阔叶林是世界上较为罕见的植被类型,是我国植物资源最丰富的地区之一,研究其林层划分和特征对该地区森林的保护与利用、经营和管理具有重要的指导意义。为了揭示中亚热带天然阔叶林分自然分层规律,以典型和次典型中亚热带天然阔叶林为实验对象进行林层划分,并在此基础上探讨各林层直径分布、树高胸径关系、林分测树因子特征和蓄积估计等。(1)林层划分。本文在尝试了剖面图法、TSTRAT法、LMS法和聚类分析法后,根据中亚热带天然阔叶林乔木层的自然分异特征,提出林层定量划分新方法-最大受光面法,揭示中亚热带天然阔叶林林层的自然分异规律。采用最大受光面法将典型林分(1-5号标准地)划分为3个亚层,第Ⅱ亚层的下限值分别为17.0m,16.5m,17.0m,17.0m,16.0m;第Ⅰ亚层的下限值分别为25.0m,27.0m,25.0m,22.9m,25.0m。最大受光面法将次典型林分(6号和7号标准地)分为2个亚层,第Ⅰ亚层的下限值分别为17.0m和16.5m。7块标准地林层划分结果与剖面图上判断的林层分层结果相近,同时也符合国标(GBT 26424-2010)中林层划分规定的各项指标。与剖面图法、TSTRAT法、LMS法和聚类分析法相比,最大受光面法能较好的反映中亚热带天然阔叶林自然分层特征,分层结果与现地按林木能否接受直射光情况做出的林层归属初步判断基本一致,也符合相关国家标准中的规定。该方法从是否接受直射光和接受直射光的高度差异为划分依据,反映林木之间对光照和空间资源竞争,具有一定的生物学意义。(2)典型林分直径分布。划分林层后,采用Shapiro-Wilk(S-W)检验直径分布是否服从正态分布;偏度(SK)和峰度(KT)分析图形形状特征;Meyer负指数函数和Weibull分布函数分析林层直径分布规律,并用卡方检验直径分布是否服从Meyer负指数函数和Weibull分布函数。典型林分中,所有标准地的全林分、第Ⅲ亚层和第Ⅱ亚层直径分布S-W检验的W值均小于0.05,说明全林分、第Ⅲ亚层和第Ⅱ亚层直径分布均不服从正态分布;在第Ⅰ亚层中,1号-3号标准地的W值大于0.05,所以服从正态分布,而4号和5号标准地的W值小于0.05,所以不服从正态分布;所有标准地内S-W检验的W值随亚层平均高的增加而增大,表明亚层直径分布随亚层高度的增大而趋向正态分布。各亚层直径分布的偏度(sk)和峰度(kt)随亚层高度的增大而减小,5个标准地第Ⅰ亚层的偏度和峰度的绝对值最小,说明直径分布图形在向正态分布过渡,验证了s-w的检验结果。卡方检验结果表明,全林分直径分布中,除2号标准地服从meyer负指数分布函数外,其余4块标准地均不服从;除1号标准地外,其余4块标准地均服从weibull分布函数,形状参数c1,表明全林分直径分布为反“j”型曲线;第Ⅲ亚层直径分布中3号-5号标准地服从meyer负指数函数分布,5块标准地第Ⅲ亚层直径分布均服从weibull函数分布;第Ⅲ亚层直径分布与全林分直径分布类似,不同的是第Ⅲ亚层径阶跨度较小,分布像是截尾的反“j”型曲线。第Ⅱ亚层直径分布中,2号和4号标准地服从meyer负指数函数分布,1号、3号和5号不服从;5块标准地第Ⅱ亚层直径分布均服从weibull分布函数,其形状参数c处于1-3.6之间,表明其为右偏山状曲线;5个标准地的第Ⅰ亚层直径分布均服从meyer负指数函数和weibull分布函数。总体上看,weibull分布函数在拟合中亚热带天然阔叶林各林层直径分布时具有更好的适应性。(3)次典型林分直径分布。在次典型林分中(6号和7号标准地),6号标准地的全林分直径分布较为复杂,像是反“j”型曲线和右偏山状曲线的结合,其不服从正态分布、meyer负指数函数和weibull分布函数;7号标准地为典型的反“j”型曲线,服从meyer负指数函数和weibull分布函数,不服从正态分布。两个标准地的第Ⅰ亚层不服从正态分布和meyer负指数函数,服从weibull分布函数,参数c处于1-3.6之间,说明其为右偏山状曲线。6号标准地第Ⅱ亚层不服从正态分布和meyer负指数分布,服从weibull分布函数;7号标准地第Ⅱ亚层服从meyer负指数函数和weibull分布函数,不服从正态分布。s-w检验的w值与典型林分类似,随亚层平均直径的增加而增大。(4)典型和次典型林分树高胸径关系。选择schumacher式(简称s式)和curtis式(简称c式)对各林层树高胸径进行拟合,结果表明c式具有较高的r2和较低的mase、amr,故采用c式分析各林层树高直径。用全林分树高胸径模型估算第Ⅰ、Ⅱ亚层的树高并用曲线散点图分析,结果发现在典型林分中,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ亚层林木的树高胸径关系不是很显著,很难用普通模型来表现,如果采用全林分树高胸径模型拟合典型林分第Ⅰ、Ⅱ亚层中林木产生amr比采用各亚层单独的树高胸径曲线得到的大。证明了如果单纯使用全林分树高模型来估计3层结构的典型林分中的上层林木树高,都将会产生较大误差。而对于只有2层结构的次典型试验林分,全林分树高曲线估计不同亚层树高的误差较小,基本可用全林分树高来研究各亚层的树高。(5)典型和次典型林分主要测树因子。采用标准差和变异系数研究各林层平均胸径、平均高,计算各亚层株数和蓄积有全林分的比重。结果表明全林平均胸径与第Ⅱ亚层接近,全林分的平均胸径和平均高的变异系数都显著高于各亚层。各亚层平均胸径的变异系数随亚层高度的减小总体上略有下降,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ亚层平均高的变异系数相似且小于第Ⅲ亚层。林分中第Ⅰ、Ⅱ亚层株数之和只占全林分的20%-30%,但蓄积却是全林分的90%,采用亚层平均高或亚层中值高代替树高计算全林分蓄积。采用相对误差分析和方差分析验证这三种方法得出的蓄积,结果表明采用亚层平均高计算各林层蓄积的相对误差均在5%以内,层中值高全林分和第Ⅰ、Ⅱ亚层的相对误差在5%以内,第Ⅲ亚层的误差在10%以内,方差分析表明这三种方法结果之间没有显著差异,证明采用各亚层平均高或亚层中值高代替林木树高计算林分蓄积是可行的。在次典型林分中,与典型林分相似包括各林层平均胸径和平均高的标准差和变异系数、蓄积结构。不同点包括平均胸径不与各亚层相近;各亚层的株数比例,6号标准地第Ⅰ亚层(受光层)的株数比例超出全林分50%,与典型林分差异较大,7号标准的第Ⅰ亚层株数比例为25%,与典型林分相似。
[Abstract]:The natural broad-leaved forest in the middle and subtropical regions of China is one of the most rare vegetation types in the world. It is one of the most abundant plant resources in China. It is of great guiding significance to study the division and characteristics of the forest layer and the management and management of the forest in the region. A typical medium subtropical natural broad-leaved forest is divided into the forest layer, and on this basis, the distribution of the diameter of each forest layer, the relationship between the height of the tree, the characteristics of the tree factor and the estimation of the accumulation of the trees. (1) the forest layer is divided. In this paper, the natural broad-leaved forest in the middle subtropics is based on the section drawing, the TSTRAT method, the LMS method and the cluster analysis. The natural differentiation characteristics of the arbor layer, a new method of the forest layer quantitative division - the maximum light surface method, is proposed to reveal the natural differentiation of the natural broad-leaved forest in the middle subtropics. The typical stand (No. 1-5 standard place) is divided into 3 sublayers by the maximum light surface method. The lower limit of the second sublayer is 17.0m, 16.5m, 17.0m, 17.0m, 16.0m, and the first sublayer. The lower limits are 25.0m, 27.0m, 25.0m, 22.9m, and the maximum light surface method of 25.0m. is divided into 2 sublayers (No. 6 and No. 7). The lower limit of the first sublayer is 17.0m and 16.5m.7, respectively, the result is similar to that of the forest layer, which is judged by the section map, and also conforms to the national standard (GBT 26424-2010) in the forest layer. Compared with the profile method, the TSTRAT method, the LMS method and the cluster analysis, the maximum light surface method can reflect the natural stratification characteristics of the natural broad-leaved forest in the middle subtropics, and the stratification results are basically the same as that in the first step of the forest layer attribution according to whether the trees can receive direct light, but also in accordance with the relevant national standards. The method is based on whether the height difference between receiving direct light and receiving direct light is divided, which reflects the biological significance of light and space resources competition between trees. (2) the distribution of typical stand diameter. After the forest layer is divided, Shapiro-Wilk (S-W) is used to test whether the diameter distribution obeys the normal distribution; the bias (SK) and the peak Degree (KT) analysis of graphic shape characteristics; Meyer negative exponential function and Weibull distribution function analysis of the forest layer diameter distribution law, and using chi square test whether the diameter distribution is subordinate to the Meyer negative exponential function and Weibull distribution function. In the typical stand, all the total stand, the third sublayer and the second sublayer diameter distribution S-W test are all less than 0 of the W values in the typical stand. .05 shows that the total stand, the third sublayer and the second sublayer diameter distribution do not obey the normal distribution; in the first sublayer, the W value of No. 1 -3 is greater than 0.05, so it obeys the normal distribution, and the W value of 4 and 5 is less than 0.05, so the normal distribution is disobedient, and the W value of all the standard ground S-W tests increases with the average height of the sublayer. The distribution of sublayer diameter distribution (SK) and kurtosis (KT) decreases with the increase of sublayer height, and the absolute value of the bias and kurtosis of the 5 sublayer I sublayer is the smallest, indicating the transition of the diameter distribution pattern to the normal distribution, which verifies the test result of S-W. The results of the chi square test showed that, in the diameter distribution of the total stand, except for No. 2, the 4 standard sites were disobedient to the Meyer negative exponential distribution function, and the other 4 standards were all subject to the Weibull distribution function and the shape parameter C1, indicating that the diameter of the whole stand was divided into the anti "J" type curve, and the third sublayer diameter distribution was 3 - No. 5 is subject to the distribution of Meyer negative exponential function, and the distribution of the diameter of the third sublayer of the 5 standard ground sublayers obeys the distribution of the Weibull function; the third sublayer diameter distribution is similar to the total stand diameter distribution, and the third sublayer diameter is smaller, and the distribution is like the truncated anti "J" type curve. In the second sublayer diameter distribution, 2 and 4 standard sites The distribution of Meyer negative exponential function, No. 1, No. 3 and No. 5 are disobedient; the diameter distribution of the second sublayer of the 5 standard ground sublayer obeys the Weibull distribution function, and its shape parameter C is between 1-3.6, indicating that it is the right partial mountain curve; the distribution of the first sublayer diameter of the 5 standard land obeys the Meyer negative exponential function and the Weibull distribution function. In general, Weib The ull distribution function has better adaptability to the distribution of the diameter distribution of the subtropical natural broad-leaved forest. (3) the typical stand diameter distribution. In the sub typical stand (No. 6 and 7 standard), the total stand diameter distribution of the 6 standard land is more complex, such as the combination of the anti "J" curve and the right partial mountain curve, which does not obey the normal state. Distribution, Meyer negative exponential function and Weibull distribution function; No. 7 is a typical anti "J" type curve, obeying Meyer negative exponential function and Weibull distribution function, disobeying the normal distribution. The first sublayer of two standard areas does not obey the normal distribution and the negative exponential function of the Weibull, which is subordinate to the Weibull distribution function and the parameter C is 1-3.6 between the 1-3.6. The second sublayer of the right partial mountain curve.6 No. II sublayer does not obey the normal distribution and the Meyer negative exponential distribution, obeys the Weibull distribution function; the No. 7 sublevel of the standard site No. II obeys the Meyer negative exponential function and the Weibull distribution function. The W value of the.S-w test that does not obey the normal distribution is similar to that of the typical stand, and increases with the increase of the average diameter of the sublayer. (4) The high breast diameter relationship between typical and sub typical stand trees was chosen. Schumacher (s) and Curtis (referred to as C) were selected to fit the high DBH of each forest tree. The results showed that C had higher R2 and lower mase, AMR, so the height diameter of each forest tree was analyzed by C. The height of the first, second subtree was estimated with the high DBH model of the whole forest tree. In the analysis of curve scatter plot, it is found that in the typical stand, the height BBH relationship of the trees in the first and second sublayers is not very significant. It is difficult to use the common model. If the tree height DBH model is used to fit the typical stand, the tree in the sublayer of the sub layer is larger than the single tree height curve of each sublayer. If the total stand tree height model is used to estimate the height of the upper forest tree in the typical stand of the 3 layer structure, there will be great error. For the sub typical test stand with only 2 layer structure, the total stand tree height curve estimates the error of the height of the different subtrees, and the height of the subtree height can be basically used to study the height of each subtree. (5) The average DBH of each stand was studied by standard deviation and coefficient of variation. The average height of each tree was studied with the average height, the number of each sublayer and the proportion of the total stand were calculated. The results showed that the average diameter of the whole forest was close to the second sublayer, and the average DBH and the average height variation coefficient of the whole stand were significantly higher than those of the sublayers. The variation coefficient of the average DBH decreased slightly with the decrease of the sublayer height, and the average height variation coefficient of the first and second sublayers was similar and smaller than that of the third sublayer. The sum of the first and second sublayers in the forest was only 20%-30% of the whole stand, but the accumulation was 90% of the total stand, and the height of sublayer average height or the middle value of sublayer was replaced by the height of the tree. The relative error analysis and variance analysis were used to verify the accumulation of the three methods. The results showed that the relative error of the average height calculation of each forest layer was within 5%, the relative error of the middle layer and the first, the second sublayer was within 5%, the third sublayer was within 10%, and the variance analysis showed that this three was three. There is no significant difference between the results of the method. It is proved that it is feasible to use the average height of each sublayer or the middle sublayer to replace the height of the tree tree. In the sub typical stand, the standard deviation and variation coefficient of the average height and average height of each stand are similar to the typical stand. The proportion of the number of sublayers of each sublayer, the number ratio of the first sublayer (light layer) of the 6 standard area exceeded 50% of the whole stand, and the difference was larger than that of the typical stand. The number of the number I sublayer number of the 7 standard was 25%, similar to that of the typical stand.
【学位授予单位】：中国林业科学研究院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S718.5

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