吉林半干旱区春玉米膜下滴灌条件下水肥高效利用研究

发布时间：2018-07-02 11:14

本文选题：玉米 + 膜下滴灌　；参考：《中国农业大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：协同提高作物产量与资源利用效率对于保障粮食和环境安全具有重要意义。膜下滴灌是一种可以实现高产高效的农业新技术,然而在当前实际生产中并没有充分发挥出该技术的增产增效潜力。本文通过对作物产量潜力与产量差的研究,分析与总结当前膜下滴灌生产中存在的产量限制因素;通过模型模拟和田间试验,设计并验证了高产高效玉米体系;研究了氮肥管理、施磷水平、施钾水平及施肥次数对春玉米干物质和养分的累计规律。取得的主要结果如下:(1)利用Hybrid-Maize模型研究东北地区玉米产量潜力,利用调研数据分析农民实际产量,基于以上数据定量化膜下滴灌玉米产量差。综合研究结果表明,当前膜下滴灌生产中农民实际产量为10.8Mgha~(-1),实现了 71%的灌溉玉米产量潜力。(2)基于目标产量需氮量与高产玉米氮素需求规律的优化氮肥管理相比于农民氮肥管理减少氮肥投入80 kg N ha~(-1),从350 kg N ha~(-1)下降到270 kg N ha~(-1),产量从11.7 Mg ha~(-1)增加到13.8 Mg ha~(-1),氮肥偏生产力从33.3kgkg-1增加到51.0kgkg-1,而表观氮损失则从171.5kgha~(-1)降低到了64.5 kg ha~(-1),表明优化氮肥管理在实践中是可行的。(3)施用磷肥相比于无磷处理显著增加了玉米产量,主要归因于穗粒数与千粒重的协同提高。在施磷处理中,施磷量100 kg P205ha~(-1)处理的产量最高,达到13.3 Mg ha~(-1),进一步增加施磷量并没有增加籽粒产量,相反磷肥当季回收率从11.7%下降到7.2%,磷肥农学利用率由18.9 kg kg-1下降到12.0 kg kg-1,磷肥偏生产力由129 kg kg-1下降到96 kg kg-1。(4)施用钾肥可以显著增加籽粒产量,平均两年结果,增产率为6.4-17.1%。施钾量为90 kg ha~(-1)时产量最高。钾素吸收规律表现为施钾促进了玉米对钾素的吸收,玉米地上部钾素累积主要是从播种到灌浆期,灌浆期时钾素累积量最大,灌浆期之后钾素累积量呈现降低趋势。(5)总施肥量相同时,分次施肥相比于一次施肥显著的增加了玉米产量、养分转运量,提高了肥料利用率。五次追肥相比于四次追肥增加了籽粒产量,相比于六次追肥则没有产量损失。(6)以吉林乾安为研究地点,设计体系通过优化作物与资源管理,实现了产量水平14.5 Mg ha~(-1),达到了产量潜力的92%。相比于农民习惯处理,优化体系显著增加了作物产量与经济收益;相比于高产体系,优化体系显著增加了资源利用效率。
[Abstract]:It is important to improve crop yield and resource utilization efficiency in order to ensure food and environment security. Drip irrigation under mulch is a new agricultural technology which can achieve high yield and high efficiency. However, the potential of increasing yield and increasing efficiency of this technique has not been brought into full play in actual production at present. Based on the study of crop yield potential and yield difference, this paper analyzed and summarized the yield limiting factors existing in drip irrigation under film, designed and verified the high yield and high efficiency maize system through model simulation and field experiment. The accumulation of dry matter and nutrient in spring maize was studied by nitrogen fertilizer management, phosphorus application level, potassium application level and times of fertilization. The main results are as follows: (1) using hybrid-Maize model to study the yield potential of maize in Northeast China, using the survey data to analyze the actual yield of farmers, and quantifying the yield of drip irrigation maize under film based on the above data. The results of the comprehensive study show that, At present, the actual yield of farmers in drip irrigation under film is 10.8Mgha-1, realizing the yield potential of 71% of irrigated corn. (2) the optimized management of nitrogen fertilizer based on the regulation of target yield and nitrogen demand of high yield corn is less than that of farmers' management of nitrogen fertilizer. The nitrogen fertilizer input of 80 kg N ha-1 decreased from 350 kg N ha-1 to 270 kg N ha-1, the yield increased from 11.7mg ha-1 to 13.8mg ha-1, the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer increased from 33.3kgkg-1 to 51.0 kg kg-1, and the apparent nitrogen loss decreased from 171.5 kg ha-1 to 64.5 kg ha-1. (3) the application of phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased the maize yield compared with the non-phosphorus treatment. It was mainly attributed to the synergistic increase of grain number per panicle and 1000-grain weight. The yield of 100 kg P205ha-1 treatment was the highest, reaching 13.3 mg ha-1, but the grain yield was not increased with the further increase of P application. On the contrary, the recovery rate of phosphorus fertilizer decreased from 11.7% to 7.2%, the agronomic utilization ratio of phosphorus fertilizer decreased from 18.9 kg kg-1 to 12.0 kg kg-1, and the partial productivity of phosphorus fertilizer decreased from 129 kg kg-1 to 96 kg kg-1.4.The application of potassium fertilizer significantly increased grain yield, with an average yield rate of 6.4-17.1. The yield was the highest when the amount of potassium applied was 90 kg ha ~ (-1). The rule of potassium absorption was that potassium application promoted the absorption of potassium in maize. The accumulation of potassium in the upper part of maize was mainly from sowing to filling stage, and the accumulation of potassium was the largest at filling stage. The accumulation of potassium decreased after filling stage. (5) when the total fertilization amount was the same, the yield of maize, nutrient transport and fertilizer utilization were significantly increased by fractional fertilization compared with single fertilization. Compared with four topdressing, five topdressing increased grain yield, compared with six topdressing, there was no yield loss. (6) based on Jilin Gan'an, the design system was optimized by crop and resource management. The yield level of 14.5 mg ha-1 was achieved, and the yield potential was 922%. Compared with the farmers' habit treatment, the optimized system significantly increased the crop yield and the economic benefit, and compared with the high-yield system, the optimized system significantly increased the resource utilization efficiency.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S513

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