蓄水坑灌下苹果树根系吸水深度与水分运移特性研究

发布时间：2018-07-03 18:34

  本文选题：蓄水坑灌 + 稳定同位素　； 参考：《太原理工大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：我国是世界上苹果产量最大的国家,而山西是国内优质苹果生产基地之一。在华北地区,水资源紧缺已成为限制果园产业发展的主要问题。蓄水坑灌是一种保水、抗旱的新型立体灌溉方式。本文在分析蓄水坑灌研究现状的基础上,对山西省农业科学院苹果园的果树设定了6个蓄水坑灌下的灌水处理,并以当地传统的地面灌溉为对照处理。其中蓄水坑灌T1处理在果树全生育期的灌水上、下限为田间持水量的70%与100%;T2处理在果树全生育期的灌水上、下限为田间持水量的60%与90%;T3处理在果树全生育期的灌水上、下限为田间持水量的50%与80%;T5、T6与T7处理分别在苹果树特定生育期充分灌水而其余生育期胁迫灌水,T5处理在果树萌芽花期(4月1日至5月20日)的灌水上、下限为田间持水量的70%与100%,而在其余生育期为50%与80%;T6处理在新梢旺长期(5月21日至7月20日)的灌水上、下限为田间持水量的70%与100%,而在其余生育期为50%与80%;T7处理在果实膨大期(7月21日至10月22日)的灌水上、下限为田间持水量的70%与100%,而在其余生育期为50%与80%。地面灌溉T4处理为对照灌水处理,其灌水时间与灌水量主要参考当地果园的灌溉制度。T1~T7处理在全生育期的灌水量分别为3200L/株(267m3/亩)、1600L/株(133m3/亩)、800L/株(67m3/亩)、2160L/株(180m3/亩)、1200L/株(100m3/亩)、1600L/株(133m3/亩)、1600L/株(133m3/亩)。本文通过氢氧稳定同位素技术得出的蓄水坑灌不同灌水处理下苹果树根系的吸水深度规律,并结合不同灌水处理下苹果树的SPAC系统水势、苹果树蒸腾耗水规律、苹果树新梢生长、果树产量与果实品质的分析结果,综合比较得出适合当地苹果园的蓄水坑灌灌水处理,为今后蓄水坑灌灌溉制度的制定与推广提供科学依据与参考。论文主要研究结论如下:(1)通过对比目前氢氧稳定同位素水源分析常用的4种方法的假设条件、模型原理与输出结果,得出多元线性模型是目前氢氧稳定同位素水源分析中适用性强且较准确的分析方法。根据多元线性模型得出的根系吸水位置结果,蓄水坑灌与地面灌溉下苹果树根系的吸水深度变化规律为在萌芽花期集中在表层土壤,在新梢旺长期逐渐加深,而在果实膨大期8月后开始逐渐变浅。蓄水坑灌适度灌水t2处理与地面灌溉t4处理在萌芽花期根系的主要吸水深度与水分贡献率分别为0~20cm(51.3%)与0~20cm(59.5%);新梢旺长期6月为0~20cm(33.4%)、20~40cm(19.6%)与0~20cm(42.9%)、20~40cm(11.1%)。在这两个时期,t2与t4处理的根系主要吸水深度相同,但蓄水坑灌t2处理对40cm以下土壤水的水分利用率高于t4处理。t2处理与t4处理在新梢旺长期7月根系的主要吸水深度与水分贡献率分别为20~40cm(14.3%)、60~80cm(14.6%)、80~100cm(14.8%)与0~20cm(24.3%)、20~40cm(29.1%);果实膨大期8月为40~60cm(13.5%)、60~80cm(14.5%)、80~100cm(14.7%)与0~20cm(23.6%)、20~40cm(37.1%)、40~60cm(11.6%);果实膨大期9月为0~20cm(18.9%)、20~40cm(19.1%)、60~80cm(16.3%)与0~20cm(26.3%)、20~40cm(27.3%)、40~60cm(13.8%)。在后三个时期,蓄水坑灌t2处理的根系主要吸水深度均深于地面灌溉t4处理,更多的吸收利用了深层土壤水。对比不同灌水处理下苹果树根系的主要吸水深度,发现相比于地面灌溉t4处理,蓄水坑灌t2处理与t6处理既节省了560l/株(47m3/亩)的灌溉水又促进了根系吸收60cm以下的中深层土壤水。(2)蓄水坑灌与地面灌溉下,根长密度与根系活力都基本在新梢旺长期7月达到全生育期峰值。而蓄水坑灌t2与t6处理在减少灌水量的基础上,显著促进了根系深扎与提升根系整体发育情况。根据苹果树根系吸水深度与根系活力、根长密度、土壤含水率在苹果树不同生育期的相关性分析结果,苹果树根系吸水深度在萌芽花期与新梢旺长前期主要受根长密度与根系活力影响;在新梢旺长后期主要受根长密度、根系活力与土壤含水率影响;在果实膨大前期主要受土壤含水率影响;在果实膨大后期主要受根长密度影响。(3)蓄水坑灌t2处理在比地面灌溉减少560l/株(47m3/亩)灌水量的基础上,与地面灌溉下苹果树的叶水势、土水势未达到显著性差异,维持了良好的水势梯度;蓄水坑灌充分灌水t1处理的土-叶水势梯度最大,但其灌水量比地面灌溉处理多1040l/株(87m3/亩)。蓄水坑灌不同灌水处理下果树的水势比较得出新梢旺长期的充分灌水对苹果树维持良好的叶水势状况影响最大,而萌芽花期影响最小。此外,蓄水坑灌下的苹果树相比于地面灌溉有更低的水势阈值(低于-0.48mpa),这说明了蓄水坑灌可以提升苹果树的抗旱性,对水分胁迫的抵抗能力更强。(4)蓄水坑灌充分灌水t1处理、适度灌水t2处理、胁迫灌水t3处理与地面灌溉t4处理的单位边材面积液流通量均在7、8月份达到峰值,说明苹果树在该时期耗水量最大,需要充分灌水。t1处理在各个生育期液流速率显著高于其它处理。t2处理与地面灌溉t4处理基本未达到显著性差异,t2处理既减少了灌水量又维持了相近的液流速率。对比5月至10月不同灌水处理下苹果树灌水量与蒸腾耗水量,发现蓄水坑灌t1处理下苹果树蒸腾耗水量与灌水量最大,未显著提升果树水分利用效率;t3处理下苹果树蒸腾耗水量较地面灌溉t4处理大幅度下降,影响了苹果树的正常生长发育;t2与t6处理苹果树的蒸腾耗水量接近地面灌溉t4处理,且灌水量减少了560l/株(47m3/亩),有利于提升果树水分利用率。(5)蓄水坑灌不同灌水处理下苹果树的新梢在萌芽花期生长缓慢,在新梢旺长期6月、7月上旬生长速率最大,而在7月下旬之后基本稳定。不同灌水处理中,蓄水坑灌充分灌水T1处理的新梢生长长度最大,但过度的新梢生长可能会引起树体郁闭;T3、T5与T7处理由于在新梢旺长期水分亏缺,新梢生长长度均低于地面灌溉T4处理。T2、T6处理与地面灌溉T4处理的新梢生长长度相近。果树产量与品质分析得出,蓄水坑灌T6处理在减少传统地面灌溉灌水量的前提下,显著提升了果形指数、单株产量、单果重、可溶性固形物与糖酸比;蓄水坑灌T2处理未能显著提升果实的果形指数,但在其它指标上仍显著高于地面灌溉T4处理。(6)通过对蓄水坑灌不同灌水处理下苹果树根系分布、根系吸水深度、SPAC系统水势、蒸腾耗水量、新梢生长、果实产量与品质的分析结果,可以得出蓄水坑灌下的T2处理(全生育期以田间持水量的60%与90%为灌水上、下限灌水)与T6处理(在苹果树新梢旺长期以田间持水量的70%与100%为灌水上、下限灌水,其余生育期以田间持水量的50%与80%为灌水上、下限灌水)在减少传统地面灌溉灌水量560L/株(47m3/亩)的基础上,维持了适中的苹果树SPAC系统水势与蒸腾耗水量,促进了根系深扎与对60cm以下中深层土壤水的吸收,提升了苹果树单株产量、果实单果重、可溶性固形物与糖酸比等指标,是本试验得出最适合当地果园的蓄水坑灌灌水处理。
[Abstract]:China is the largest apple production country in the world, and Shanxi is one of the high quality apple production bases in China. In North China, the shortage of water resources has become the main problem to restrict the development of orchard industry. Water storage pit irrigation is a new stereoscopic irrigation method for water conservation and drought resistance. On the basis of the analysis of the status of water storage pit irrigation, this paper is on the basis of Shanxi. The fruit trees of the apple orchard of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences set 6 irrigation treatments under the irrigation of the water storage pit, which was treated with the local traditional ground irrigation. The water storage pit irrigation was treated with T1 in the full growth period of the fruit tree, with the lower limit of 70% and 100% of the field water holding capacity, and the T2 treatment in the full growth period of the fruit tree. The lower limit was 60% of the field water holding capacity. And 90%; T3 treatment in the full growth period of fruit tree irrigation, the lower limit is 50% and 80% of the field water holding water, T5, T6 and T7 treatment in the specific growth period of the apple tree, and the rest of the growth period stress irrigation, T5 treatment in the germination period (April 1st to May 20th) of fruit tree (April 1st to May 20th), the lower limit is 70% and 100% of the field water holding capacity, and the remaining fertility. The period was 50% and 80%; the T6 treatment was 70% and 100% of the field water holding in the long term (May 21st to July 20th) irrigation, while the remaining growth period was 50% and 80%, and the T7 treatment was 70% and 100% of the field water holding in the fruit expansion period (July 21st to October 22nd), while the remaining growth period was 50% and 80%. ground irrigation T4. The irrigation time and irrigation amount were mainly referred to the irrigation system of the local orchard by.T1~T7 treatment. The irrigation system of the local orchard was treated with 3200L/ plant (267m3/ mu), 1600L/ strain (133m3/ mu), 800L/ plant (67m3/ mu), 2160L/ strain (180m3/ mu), 1200L / plant (100m3/ mu), 1600L/ strain and plant. The water absorption depth of apple tree roots under water storage pit irrigation under different irrigation treatments was obtained by hydrogen oxygen stable isotope technology, and the SPAC system water potential of apple trees under different irrigation treatments, the regulation of the water consumption of apple tree transpiration, the growth of apple tree shoots, the yield of fruit and fruit quality were analyzed, and it was suitable for the local apple orchard. The water storage pit irrigation treatment provides scientific basis and reference for the formulation and promotion of the system of water storage pit irrigation in the future. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) by comparing the hypothesis conditions of the 4 methods commonly used for the analysis of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes at present, the model principle and the output results show that the multivariate linear model is the present hydrogen and oxygen stability. In the analysis of water source for isotopes, a strong and accurate analysis method was used. According to the results of the root water absorption of the root system based on the multiple linear model, the water absorption depth of the root of the apple tree under the water storage pit irrigation and the ground irrigation was concentrated in the surface soil at the germination stage, and the growth of the new shoots was gradually deepened in the long term, but after the year of August the fruit expansion was opened. The main water absorption depth and water contribution rate of T2 treatment and ground irrigation T4 treatment at the germination stage were 0~20cm (51.3%) and 0~20cm (59.5%), and the new shoots flourishing in June were 0~20cm (33.4%), 20~40cm (19.6%) and 0~20cm (42.9%), 20~40cm (11.1%). In these two periods, the main roots of T2 and T4 treatment were main. Water absorption depth was the same, but the water utilization rate of soil water below 40cm under storage pit irrigation T2 treatment was higher than that of T4 treatment.T2 treatment and T4 treatment was 20~40cm (14.3%), 60~80cm (14.6%), 80~100cm (14.8%) and 0~20cm (24.3%), 20~40cm (29.1%), respectively, and 40~60cm (29.1%), and August for the fruit expansion period (29.1%), respectively. 13.5%), 60~80cm (14.5%), 80~100cm (14.7%) and 0~20cm (23.6%), 20~40cm (37.1%), 40~60cm (11.6%); fruit expansion period in September is 0~20cm (18.9%), 20~40cm (19.1%), 60~80cm (16.3%) and 0~20cm (26.3%), 20~40cm (27.3%), 40~60cm (13.8%). In the later period, the main root water absorption depth of the water storage pit irrigation is deeper than that of ground irrigation. More The absorption and utilization of deep soil water. Compared with the main water absorption depth of apple tree roots under different irrigation treatments, it was found that the water storage pit irrigation and T6 treatment saved the 560l/ plant (47m3/ mu) irrigation water and the root absorption of the deep soil water below 60cm. (2) the water storage pit irrigation and the ground irrigation, compared with the ground irrigation T4 treatment. Root length density and root vitality reached the peak of full growth period in the long term of July, while water storage pit irrigation T2 and T6 treatment significantly promoted root deep ligation and overall development of root system on the basis of reducing irrigation amount. According to the depth of water absorption and root activity, root length density and soil water content, soil moisture content was different in apple trees. The results of correlation analysis showed that the water absorption depth of the apple tree root system was mainly influenced by root length density and root activity during the germination period and the prophase of new shoot growth, and the root long density was mainly influenced by root length density, root activity and soil moisture content in the late growth period of the new shoots, and the soil moisture content was mainly influenced by the soil water content in the early stage of fruit expansion; Under the influence of root length density. (3) T2 treatment of water storage pit irrigation on the basis of reducing the irrigation amount of 560l/ plant (47m3/ mu) compared with ground irrigation, and the leaf water potential of apple trees under ground irrigation, the soil water potential has not reached significant difference, maintaining a good gradient of water potential; the soil water potential gradient of the full irrigation of water storage pit irrigation is the largest, but the irrigation amount is more than the ground. Irrigation treatment was more than 1040l/ (87m3/ mu). The water potential of fruit trees under water storage pit irrigation was compared with the water potential of fruit trees under different irrigation treatments. It was found that the full irrigation of new shoots had the greatest impact on the good leaf water potential of apple trees, but the apple tree under the water storage pit had a lower water potential threshold than that of the ground irrigation (lower than -0.48). MPA), this shows that the water storage pit irrigation can improve the drought resistance of the apple tree, and the resistance to water stress is stronger. (4) the water storage pit irrigation full irrigation T1 treatment, moderate irrigation T2 treatment, stress irrigation T3 treatment and the ground irrigation T4 treatment of unit wood area liquid circulation of the peak in the month of 7,8, indicating that the water consumption of the apple tree during this period of water consumption. The maximum irrigation water.T1 treatment was significantly higher than the other treatment.T2 treatment and the ground irrigation T4 treatment. The T2 treatment not only reduced the amount of irrigation, but also maintained a similar liquid flow rate. Compared with the irrigation and transpiration water consumption of apple trees under different irrigation treatments from May to October The water consumption and irrigation amount of apple tree was the largest under the treatment of water pit irrigation, and the water use efficiency of apple trees was not significantly increased. The transpiration water consumption of apple tree under the T3 treatment was significantly lower than that of the ground irrigated T4, which affected the normal growth and development of apple trees. The evapotranspiration of apple trees treated with T2 and T6 was close to the ground irrigation T4 treatment, and the irrigation amount was reduced. Less 560l/ plant (47m3/ mu), which is beneficial to improve the water use efficiency of fruit trees. (5) the growth rate of apple tree shoots in the sprout period is slow under the different irrigation treatment of water storage pit irrigation. The growth rate of the new shoots flourishing in June and the first ten days of July is the most, and it is basically stable after the late July. Long length is the largest, but excessive growth of new shoots may cause tree canopy closure; T3, T5 and T7 treatments are lower than the ground irrigation T4 treatment.T2 for the long term water deficit in the new shoots, and the growth length of the new shoots of the T6 treatment and the ground irrigation T4 treatment is similar. The fruit tree yield and quality analysis shows that the storage pit irrigation is reduced by T6 treatment. Under the premise of irrigation irrigation, the fruit shape index, single plant yield, single fruit weight, soluble solids and sugar and acid ratio were significantly improved. The fruit shape index of fruit was not significantly enhanced by water storage pit irrigation, but it was still significantly higher than that of T4 treatment on ground irrigation. (6) the root system of apple tree under water storage irrigation was treated with different irrigation treatments. (6) Cloth, root water absorption depth, SPAC system water potential, transpiration water consumption, new shoot growth, fruit yield and quality analysis results, we can get the T2 treatment under the water storage pit irrigation (60% and 90% of the field water holding period in the whole growth period, the lower irrigation water) and the T6 treatment (70% and 100% in the long term field water holding capacity of the apple tree shoots, under the irrigation, On the basis of reducing the traditional irrigated 560L/ plant (47m3/ mu), the water potential and transpiration water consumption of a moderate apple tree, which promoted the root deep ligation and the absorption of deep soil water below 60cm, increased the single plant of the apple tree, and the rest of the rest of the growth period was 50% and 80% of the field water holding water and the lower limit irrigation was reduced by the traditional ground irrigation irrigation 560L/ plant (47m3/ mu). Yield, fruit weight, soluble solids and sugar acid ratio were the most suitable irrigation treatments for water storage irrigation in local orchard.
【学位授予单位】：太原理工大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S661.1;S275
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本文编号：2094617