有机资源与化肥配施农业模式的农学和环境效应评价

发布时间：2018-07-04 22:53

本文选题：有机资源 + 产量　；参考：《中国农业大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：农业有机物料是重要的资源,而有机物料与无机肥配施被认为是未来农业生产中进一步增加产量,减少化肥施用,保护环境的重要农业生产模式。然而,有机肥与无机配施的农业模式的增产增效潜力及其对作物生产系统可持续性的影响仍有待检验。本文首先基于我国32个长期田间定位试验的文献数据,研究不同管理模式(有机肥,化肥,有机肥和化肥配施)对作物产量和土壤有机质(SOM)的影响,然后利用华北平原小麦-玉米轮作系统不同有机物料(秸秆(S),堆肥(C),沼渣(BgR),牛粪(M)以及生物碳(BC))及其与化肥配施的长期定位试验,研究不同管理模式的农田净温室效应(Net-GWP)和温室气体排放强度(GHGI),旨在阐明不同质量有机物物料及其与化肥配施下华北平原小麦-玉米轮作农业系统的可持续性。取得主要结果如下： 1)通过总结全国32个长期定位试验发现,有机肥和化肥配施模式能比对照(不施肥处理)增产53%(小麦),40%(玉米)和8%(水稻)；相对于单施有机肥或化肥模式,三大作物产量平均增产29%和8%。对玉米和水稻来说,与单施化肥处理相比,有机肥和化肥配施处理的产量获得更大TR ratio值(各个处理下,历年产量或SOM相对于初始年值的变化量)；对小麦作物,有机肥和化肥配施处理的产量获得比玉米(40%)和水稻(7.5%)更高的TNMR ratio值(化肥处理,有机肥处理和配施处理的TR ratio与对照处理TR ratio的差值)(52%)。因此,有机肥和化肥配施比单施化肥或者是有机肥的模式提高了作物生产力,促进了作物系统的可持续性。 2)32个长期定位试验结果同时表明：所有土地利用类型下,与对照处理相比,单施化肥平均增加SOM含量8%,单施有机肥增加18%,有机肥和化肥配施增加23%。相对于单施化肥处理,有机肥处理以及有机肥和化肥配施处理导致了更高的SOM TR ratio值,并且在早地和水旱轮作系统中差异显著。而与单施有机肥相比,在早地条件下,有机肥和化肥配施增加SOM含量和获得更高的SOM TNMR ratio,但在水早轮作田和水田条件下,两者并没有差异。总之,有机与无机的配合能获得比化肥处理更高,而与单施有机肥处理类似或更高的SOM含量。 3)小麦-玉米轮作下不同有机物料的试验表明：土壤N20的排放具有明显的季节变化性,冬小麦季节土壤N20排放水平低于夏玉米季。在整个轮作周期中,土壤N20的排放高峰主要出现在关键的农事操作(施肥灌溉)十天后,各处理平均累积排放量占总排放量的46%。不同质量有机物料与化肥配施对N20累积排放量的影响不同：与单施化肥的处理(Fopt)相比,堆肥和牛粪与化肥配施(Copt和Mopt)显著提高了土壤N20累积排放量,秸秆与化肥配施(Sopt)降低了N20累积排放量,而黑炭和沼渣与化肥配施(BCopt和BgRopt)则与Fopt没有差异。 4)单施各种有机物料,均能获得负的Net-GWP,但小麦玉米产量低。单施化肥的处理,尽管能获得比单施有机物料较高的产量,小麦平均增产95%,玉米平均增产32%,但是其Net-GWP是正的,表明单施化肥的条件下小麦-玉米轮作是一个净的温室气体排放源。而各种有机物料与无机配施系统,能获得类似或比化肥处理更高的小麦和玉米产量,同时,有机物料与化肥配施的系统,能比单施化肥的处理,大幅度降低Net-GWP和GHGI。 5)对于不同物料而言,Copt和BgRopt处理的产量更高,同时Net-GWP表现为碳汇；BCopt处理具有高的SOC截留量和碳汇效应,但产量与化肥处理类似；而Mopt和Sopt,尽管也能获得与Copt和BgRopt类似的产量,但是整个系统表现为碳源。 6) BCopt, BgRopt和Copt处理表现为碳汇,主要原因是由于这些有机物料显著的增加SOC的累积,可以将土壤N20排放,氮肥的生产和运输过程中以及农事操作过程中能耗等产生的碳源抵消,最终造成系统对大气中碳的吸收。
[Abstract]:Agricultural organic materials are important resources, and the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is considered to be an important agricultural production model to further increase yield in future agricultural production, reduce the application of chemical fertilizer and protect the environment. However, the potential of increasing the yield and increasing efficiency of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer and its effect on the sustainability of crop production system It is still to be tested. First, based on the literature of 32 long-term field location tests in China, the effects of different management models (organic manure, fertilizer, organic manure and chemical fertilizer) on crop yield and soil organic matter (SOM) were studied. Then, the different organic materials (straw (S), compost (C), BgR) in the wheat maize rotation system of the North China Plain were used. The net greenhouse effect (Net-GWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) of different management models were studied by the long-term localization test of M and BC and their chemical fertilizer application. The aim of this study was to clarify the sustainability of different mass organic materials and the agricultural system of wheat maize rotation in the North China Plain with chemical fertilizer. The results are as follows:
1) by summing up the national 32 long-term location tests, it was found that the organic fertilizer and fertilizer application model could increase 53% (wheat), 40% (corn) and 8% (rice) compared with the control (no fertilizer treatment). Compared with the single application of organic fertilizer or chemical fertilizer, the yield of the three big crops increased by 29% and 8%. The yield of the fertilizer combined treatment was greater TR ratio value (the annual yield or the variation of SOM relative to the initial annual value); the yield of wheat crops, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer treatment was higher than that of Maize (40%) and rice (7.5%) (fertilizer treatment, organic manure treatment and combination treatment of TR ratio and control). The difference in dealing with TR ratio) (52%). Therefore, the combination of organic manure and fertilizer with fertilizer or organic fertilizer improves the crop productivity and promotes the sustainability of the crop system.
2) 32 long-term location test results also showed that, under all land use types, compared with the control treatment, Dan Shi fertilizer increased the average SOM content by 8%, the single application of organic manure increased 18%, organic manure and chemical fertilizer added 23%. relative to the single fertilizer treatment, organic manure treatment and fertilizer and fertilizer application treatment resulted in higher SOM TR rati. The o value was significant in the early land and water and drought rotation systems. Compared with the single application of organic fertilizer, the organic manure and chemical fertilizer added the SOM content and the higher SOM TNMR ratio under the early soil condition, but there was no difference in the water early wheel field and the paddy field. In a word, the organic and inorganic coordination could be higher than that of the chemical fertilizer treatment. And similar to or higher SOM content with single organic manure.
3) the experiment of different organic materials under wheat and corn rotation showed that the emission of soil N20 has obvious seasonal variation, and the N20 emission level of soil in winter wheat season is lower than that of summer corn season. In the whole rotation period, the peak of soil N20 emission is mainly in the ten days after the key farming operation (fertilization irrigation), and the average cumulative row of each treatment. The effects of 46%. on the cumulative emission of N20 were different: compared with the single fertilizer treatment (Fopt), compost and cow dung combined with fertilizer (Copt and Mopt) significantly increased the cumulative emission of soil N20, and the combination of straw and fertilizer (Sopt) reduced the cumulative emission of N20, while black carbon and biogas residue were reduced. Combined with chemical fertilizer (BCopt and BgRopt) had no difference from Fopt.
4) the single application of various organic materials can obtain negative Net-GWP, but the yield of wheat and corn is low. In spite of the high yield of single application of chemical fertilizer, the average yield of wheat is 95% and the yield of corn is 32%, but the Net-GWP is positive, which indicates that the wheat corn rotation is a net greenhouse gas under the condition of single application. A variety of organic materials and inorganic application systems can obtain similar or higher yield of wheat and maize than chemical fertilizer treatment. At the same time, the system of organic material and chemical fertilizer can greatly reduce Net-GWP and GHGI. than the treatment of single fertilizer.
5) for different materials, the output of Copt and BgRopt is higher, while Net-GWP is carbon sink; BCopt treatment has high SOC interception and carbon sequestration effect, but the yield is similar to that of chemical fertilizer; while Mopt and Sopt can also obtain similar output to Copt and BgRopt, but the whole system is carbon source.
6) BCopt, BgRopt and Copt treatments are carbon sequestration. The main reason is that these organic materials significantly increase the accumulation of SOC, which can offset the soil N20 emission, the production and transportation of nitrogen fertilizer, and the carbon source of the energy consumption during the farming operation, and eventually lead to the absorption of carbon in the atmosphere.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S147.2

【参考文献】