施氮与环境互作对玉米水分生产效率及根系生长的影响
发布时间：2018-07-25 07:57
【摘要】：施用氮肥是调节作物生长和实现作物高产的重要手段。但氮肥对作物生长的影响可能受天气(干旱、温度变化等)及土壤条件的干扰,进而影响作物产量、养分利用效率和水分生产效率。本研究通过三年田间试验,结合文献分析,明确我国东北春玉米水分生产效率现状,在不同天气与土壤条件下,探究调控氮肥用量对玉米水分生产效率的影响极其生理机制,深入认识氮肥×环境互作对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响规律,阐明玉米水分生产效率与产量和耗水量的相互关系,为同步提高产量和水分生产效率提供理论基础。同时,利用两个根系大小有显著差异的玉米近等基因系,进一步阐明水分×氮互作对营养生长阶段玉米根系生长及地上部生长的影响；通过不同播期和氮水平的田间试验,探究温度×氮素互作对玉米根系生长的影响；最后利用模式植物拟南芥,深入研究温度如何决定根系生长过程。主要结果如下：1. 玉米水分生产效率与产量显著正相关。施氮对玉米水分生产效率的影响主要来自对产量的影响,而对耗水量的影响较小。随着施氮量增加,玉米产量和水分生产效率先增加后降低,在N240时达到最大值。相关性分析结果表明,壤土上,约215 kg ha-1的施氮量可以同时使产量和水分生产效率达到最高。沙土上,达到最高产量的施氮量(241 kg ha-1)高于最高水分生产效率的施氮量(207 kg ha-1)。过多施氮(N312)使水分生产效率和产量分别下降11%和8%。2. 土壤类型显著影响水分生产效率,壤土上的玉米水分生产效率显著高于沙土,因为壤土玉米的籽粒产量显著高于沙土;氮肥×土壤互作效应不显著。耗水量的差异主要表现在吐丝后期,较大的叶面积指数使壤土上的耗水量高于沙土。天气条件显著影响玉米水分生产效率,因为耗水量受到降雨量的显著影响。苗期和吐丝期过多的降雨对生物量累积和籽粒形成都没有贡献,反而会增加耗水量,导致玉米水分生产效率下降。3.氮肥对根系生长的影响表现为先增加后降低,过量施氮(N360)使根长、根重和根表面积减少,并且根系在深层土壤中的分布减少,加剧了干旱胁迫。大根系基因型(L67)的抗旱性能优于小根系基因型(L98)。4.相同叶龄时播期对玉米地上部干物质、株高、最终叶片长度没有显著影响,早播玉米第1、2轮节根数和重、第1轮节根长超过适温播种。适温播种玉米第2、3轮节根长、第3轮节根数和重超过早播玉米。无论播期早晚,适量施氮(N180)使苗期玉米地上部和根系的生长最优,过多施氮(N360)限制了地上和地下的生长。5.随温度升高(15℃-25℃),根的最大基本伸长速率和最终细胞长度逐步增加,而伸长区长度保持不变；随着温度升高,分裂区长度缩短,但总的细胞产生速率保持不变。30℃为胁迫温度,使拟南芥根系伸长区缩短,细胞分裂受到限制。综上所述,适宜的施氮量及提高土壤质量可以实现产量、氮肥生产效率与水分生产效率的同步提高。过多施氮抑制根系生长,使根系分布较浅,使玉米对水分胁迫的适应性下降。低温(早播)不利于玉米节根的伸长,而过多施氮加剧低温的负作用。
[Abstract]:The application of nitrogen fertilizer is an important means to regulate the growth of crops and achieve high yield of crops. However, the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on crop growth may be affected by weather (drought, temperature change, etc.) and soil conditions, thus affecting crop yield, nutrient use efficiency and water production efficiency. This study has been conducted in three years' field experiment and combined with literature analysis to clarify our country. The current situation of water production efficiency of Spring Maize in Northeast China, under different weather and soil conditions, the influence of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer on the water production efficiency of maize is extremely physiological mechanism. The influence of nitrogen fertilizer and environment interaction on Maize Yield and water use efficiency is deeply understood. The interaction between the water production efficiency and the yield and water consumption of Chan Mingyu rice It provides a theoretical basis for simultaneous increase of yield and water production efficiency. At the same time, the effects of water and nitrogen interaction on the root growth and growth of Maize in the vegetative stage of maize are further elucidated by using two maize near isogenic lines with significant differences in root size. The effect of nitrogen interaction on the growth of maize root system; finally, using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study how the temperature determines the root growth process. The main results are as follows: 1. the water production efficiency of maize is positively correlated with the yield. The effect of Nitrogen Application on the water production efficiency of maize is mainly influenced by the yield and the water consumption. With the increase of nitrogen application, the yield and water production efficiency of maize increased first and then decreased and reached the maximum at N240. The correlation analysis showed that on the loam, the amount of nitrogen application of about 215 kg HA-1 could make the highest yield and water production efficiency at the same time. The efficiency of nitrogen application (207 kg HA-1). Excessive nitrogen application (N312) reduced water production efficiency and yield by 11% and 8%.2. soil types significantly affected water production efficiency, and soil water production efficiency on loam soil was significantly higher than sandy soil, because the grain yield of loam corn was significantly higher than that in Sandy soil; nitrogen fertilizer and soil interaction effect was not significant. The difference in water consumption is mainly in the later period of silk spinning, and the large leaf area index makes the water consumption of the loam higher than that in the sandy soil. The weather conditions significantly affect the water production efficiency of maize, because the water consumption is significantly affected by the rainfall. The excessive rainfall in the seedling and silk period does not contribute to the accumulation of biomass and the grain shape of Chengdu, but will increase instead. Water consumption, resulting in the decrease of maize water production efficiency, the effect of.3. nitrogen fertilizer on root growth was increased first and then decreased, excessive nitrogen application (N360) made root length, root weight and root surface area decreased, and the distribution of root in deep soil decreased, and drought stress was aggravated. The drought resistance of large root system genotype (L67) was better than that of small root system genotypes (L98). 4. at the same leaf age, the sowing period has no significant effect on the dry matter, plant height, and final leaf length of the upper part of maize. The number and weight of the first 1,2 round section and the weight of the early sowing maize are more than the suitable temperature sowing. The root length of the 2,3 sowing corn is long, the number of roots and the weight of the third wheels are more than that of the early sowing corn. No matter the time of sowing, the appropriate amount of nitrogen (N180) makes the maize in the seedling stage The growth of the root and the upper root is the best. N360 limits the growth of.5. in the ground and underground (15 C -25 C), the maximum root elongation rate and the length of the final cells increase gradually, while the length of the elongated region remains unchanged, and the length of the division area shortens as the temperature rises, but the total cell production rate remains unchanged at.30. Under the stress temperature, the root elongation area of Arabidopsis thaliana was shortened and the cell division was limited. In summary, the suitable nitrogen application and soil quality could achieve the yield, the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer production and the water production efficiency increased synchronously. The excessive nitrogen application inhibited root growth, the root distribution was shallow, and the adaptability of Maize to water stress decreased. Low temperature (early sowing) was not conducive to the elongation of maize node roots, but excessive nitrogen application aggravated the negative effect of low temperature.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S513
本文编号：2143152
[Abstract]:The application of nitrogen fertilizer is an important means to regulate the growth of crops and achieve high yield of crops. However, the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on crop growth may be affected by weather (drought, temperature change, etc.) and soil conditions, thus affecting crop yield, nutrient use efficiency and water production efficiency. This study has been conducted in three years' field experiment and combined with literature analysis to clarify our country. The current situation of water production efficiency of Spring Maize in Northeast China, under different weather and soil conditions, the influence of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer on the water production efficiency of maize is extremely physiological mechanism. The influence of nitrogen fertilizer and environment interaction on Maize Yield and water use efficiency is deeply understood. The interaction between the water production efficiency and the yield and water consumption of Chan Mingyu rice It provides a theoretical basis for simultaneous increase of yield and water production efficiency. At the same time, the effects of water and nitrogen interaction on the root growth and growth of Maize in the vegetative stage of maize are further elucidated by using two maize near isogenic lines with significant differences in root size. The effect of nitrogen interaction on the growth of maize root system; finally, using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study how the temperature determines the root growth process. The main results are as follows: 1. the water production efficiency of maize is positively correlated with the yield. The effect of Nitrogen Application on the water production efficiency of maize is mainly influenced by the yield and the water consumption. With the increase of nitrogen application, the yield and water production efficiency of maize increased first and then decreased and reached the maximum at N240. The correlation analysis showed that on the loam, the amount of nitrogen application of about 215 kg HA-1 could make the highest yield and water production efficiency at the same time. The efficiency of nitrogen application (207 kg HA-1). Excessive nitrogen application (N312) reduced water production efficiency and yield by 11% and 8%.2. soil types significantly affected water production efficiency, and soil water production efficiency on loam soil was significantly higher than sandy soil, because the grain yield of loam corn was significantly higher than that in Sandy soil; nitrogen fertilizer and soil interaction effect was not significant. The difference in water consumption is mainly in the later period of silk spinning, and the large leaf area index makes the water consumption of the loam higher than that in the sandy soil. The weather conditions significantly affect the water production efficiency of maize, because the water consumption is significantly affected by the rainfall. The excessive rainfall in the seedling and silk period does not contribute to the accumulation of biomass and the grain shape of Chengdu, but will increase instead. Water consumption, resulting in the decrease of maize water production efficiency, the effect of.3. nitrogen fertilizer on root growth was increased first and then decreased, excessive nitrogen application (N360) made root length, root weight and root surface area decreased, and the distribution of root in deep soil decreased, and drought stress was aggravated. The drought resistance of large root system genotype (L67) was better than that of small root system genotypes (L98). 4. at the same leaf age, the sowing period has no significant effect on the dry matter, plant height, and final leaf length of the upper part of maize. The number and weight of the first 1,2 round section and the weight of the early sowing maize are more than the suitable temperature sowing. The root length of the 2,3 sowing corn is long, the number of roots and the weight of the third wheels are more than that of the early sowing corn. No matter the time of sowing, the appropriate amount of nitrogen (N180) makes the maize in the seedling stage The growth of the root and the upper root is the best. N360 limits the growth of.5. in the ground and underground (15 C -25 C), the maximum root elongation rate and the length of the final cells increase gradually, while the length of the elongated region remains unchanged, and the length of the division area shortens as the temperature rises, but the total cell production rate remains unchanged at.30. Under the stress temperature, the root elongation area of Arabidopsis thaliana was shortened and the cell division was limited. In summary, the suitable nitrogen application and soil quality could achieve the yield, the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer production and the water production efficiency increased synchronously. The excessive nitrogen application inhibited root growth, the root distribution was shallow, and the adaptability of Maize to water stress decreased. Low temperature (early sowing) was not conducive to the elongation of maize node roots, but excessive nitrogen application aggravated the negative effect of low temperature.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S513
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