不同类型品种水稻钵苗机插产量形成特征及关键栽培技术研究

发布时间：2018-08-16 08:45

【摘要】：本研究针对水稻钵苗机械化育、插秧发展中主要存在的技术问题,于2011～2013年在扬州大学农学院试验基地,以及江苏省稻麦科技综合示范基地进行试验。选用大面积生产上推广种植的4种不同熟期类型水稻品种(组合),包括常规中粳、常规晚粳、杂交晚粳和杂交中籼,开展了不同类型品种水稻钵苗机插产量形成特征及若干栽培调控技术研究。试验包括不同类型品种水稻钵苗适宜机插秧龄和每穴苗数的定量、机插钵苗产量构成因素特征分析、机插钵苗物质生产和光合特性分析、机插钵苗产量形成优势及主要生理生态特点等。并选用其中有代表性的品种(常规中粳)对机插钵苗秧苗素质的调控、机插钵苗分蘖发生特性及成穗规律进行专题试验。研究主要结果如下:1.4种类型品种在不同秧龄和每穴苗数下的产量均有不同程度变异,表现为杂交中籼杂交晚粳常规晚粳常规中粳。产量构成方面,4种类型品种千粒重变异最小,常规中粳和常规晚粳以穗数的变异最大,其次为粒数和结实率;杂交晚粳和杂交中籼以粒数的变异最大,其次为结实率和穗数。因此生产上必须合理安排品种秧龄和每穴苗数,构建合理产量结构,发挥较大产量潜力。产量构成因素的相关和通径分析表明,4种类型品种均以千粒重对产量的作用和贡献最小,常规中粳以穗数对产量的作用最大,其次为粒数和结实率;常规晚粳则穗数和粒数的作用均较大,穗数略高,其次为结实率。2个杂交稻品种产量构成因素对产量的作用表现一致,以粒数对产量的作用最大,其次为结实率、穗数。在高产栽培上,4种类型品种在兼顾千粒重的同时,常规中粳要进一步提高穗数,并在此基础上提高每穗粒数与结实率。常规晚粳仍应把穗数放在第一位,协调穗粒数,并提高结实率。而杂交晚粳和杂交中籼则是在一定的穗数基础上,主攻粒数和结实率。2.钵苗机插条件下,不同类型品种水稻光合物质生产特征不同。稻谷产量趋势与抽穗期至成熟期干物质积累量的大小顺序一致,与播种至拔节期和拔节至抽穗期干物质积累量和收获指数有所不同。与杂交中籼稻相比,干物质生产方面,粳稻群体生长协调质量高,播种至拔节期物质积累量适宜,拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期物质生产能力强,尤其是杂交晚粳在抽穗后,物质生产能力较强,干物质积累量大,因此其产量也特别高。光合生产方面,杂交晚粳稻的优势主要在抽穗以后,即抽穗后LAI大,光合势高,后期群体透光率和叶绿素含量都较高。3.以常规中粳为代表性品种,分析了钵苗机插水稻分蘖发生特性和成穗规律。在适宜每穴苗数条件下,机插钵苗秧田期已有分蘖发生,栽后缓苗快,属秧田、本田两段高峰型分蘖模式。本田起始分蘖为主茎第4蘖位,主发蘖位为第4～7蘖位和第4蘖位的二级蘖位。分蘖穗主要来源于第5～7中位蘖和少量低位蘖及二级蘖位。中部蘖位为水稻钵苗优势蘖位。生产上应根据钵苗分蘖成穗特点,建立配套水稻钵苗机械化生产的肥水管理等措施,充分发挥主茎中部优势蘖位分蘖成穗以塑造高产群体。4.与水稻毯状小苗机插相比,机插钵苗缓苗期短,早生快发,高峰苗数较小,但成穗率高。钵苗机插水稻生育中、后期群体生长率和净同化率相对较高,抽穗后群体光合势、干物质积累等光合物质生产指标均显著或极显著高于毯苗机插,其中抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量增加9.28%;钵苗机插水稻抽穗后根系活力各项指标均较优,乳熟期颖花根活量提高14.36%.钵苗机插水稻具有显著的增产优势,比毯苗机插平均增产10.09%,其产量形成优势的主要特征是“穗大粒多”。5.秧龄对各类型品种产量的影响(极)显著,生育期相对较短的常规中粳和杂交中籼品种分别以秧龄25～30d和25 d产量最高;生育期较长、熟期较迟的晚粳类型品种,常规晚粳以秧龄30～35 d产量最高,杂交晚粳以秧龄30d产量最高。每穴苗数对各类型品种产量的影响极显著,常规稻品种以每穴3苗或4苗条件下产量最高,杂交稻品种的产量以每穴2苗最高,其中杂交粳稻每穴2、3苗,杂交籼稻每穴1、2苗。秧龄X每穴苗数互作效应对常规稻品种产量的影响(极)显著,随着秧龄的延长,取得较高产量的每穴苗数有逐渐增加趋势。互作对杂交稻品种的效应不显著。本试验品种钵苗机插条件下秧龄和每穴苗数的高产最优组合分别为,常规中粳品种秧龄25～30 d,每穴3～4苗;常规晚粳品种秧龄30～35 d,每穴3～4苗;杂交粳稻秧龄30 d,每穴苗数2～3苗;杂交籼稻秧龄25 d,每穴苗数2苗。6.以常规中粳为代表性品种,研究了水稻机插钵苗秧苗素质的调控。播种量试验中,钵苗的秧苗素质随播量的增加而趋劣。高播量处理秧苗素质较差,低播量处理秧苗难以配套插秧机移栽。偏大穗型常规粳稻品种武运粳24号适宜的播量为45～60 g·盘-1 平均每孔成苗3～4株;秧田水分管理下,旱育钵苗群体带蘖率和叶片叶绿素含量较湿润秧有一定优势。旱育方式推迟水稻群体茎蘖滞增期,叶片叶绿素降解率低、持绿能力较强,该试验条件下适栽秧龄可延长至35 d;二次化学调控中,适量、适时二次组合化控可显著提高秧苗素质,有效控制苗高,增加秧苗整齐度。在具体调控措施上,认为播量45 g·盘-1、旱育方式下,每100 kg底土拌入0.5 kg壮秧剂,2叶期每盘施多效唑0.06 g,钵苗秧苗素质表现最佳。
[Abstract]:In this study, four rice varieties (combinations) with different maturity stages, including conventional medium-japonica rice, were selected to be popularized in large-scale production in the experimental base of Agricultural College of Yangzhou University and the comprehensive demonstration base of rice and wheat science and technology in Jiangsu Province from 2011 to 2013. Studies on the characteristics of yield formation and some cultivation techniques of different types of rice seedlings were carried out, including the suitable transplanting age and the number of seedlings per hole, the analysis of yield components, material production and photosynthetic characteristics of different types of rice seedlings. The main results were as follows: 1. Four varieties of different seedling ages and number of seedlings per hole were selected to control the seedling quality, tillering characteristics and panicle formation regularity. The yield variations of the four varieties were the smallest in 1000-grain weight variation, the largest in panicle number variation, the second in grain number and seed setting rate, and the largest in grain number variations, followed by seed setting rate. The correlation and path analysis of yield components showed that the effect and contribution of 1000-grain weight to yield of the four varieties were the smallest, and that of panicle number to yield was the greatest, followed by grain number and grain number. The yield components of the two hybrid rice varieties showed the same effect on yield. The grain number had the greatest effect on yield, followed by seed setting rate and panicle number. The number of panicles per panicle and seed setting rate should be further increased. The number of panicles per panicle should still be put first in conventional late japonica, and the number of grains per panicle should be coordinated, and the seed setting rate should be increased. The grain yield trend was consistent with the dry matter accumulation from heading stage to mature stage, but different from the dry matter accumulation and harvest index from sowing to jointing stage and jointing to heading stage. The yield of hybrid late japonica rice is especially high because of its strong material production capacity and large dry matter accumulation after heading. In photosynthetic production, the advantages of hybrid late japonica rice are mainly after heading, that is, LAI is large after heading, photosynthetic potential is high, and the population transmits light at the later stage. The tillering characteristics and panicle formation regularity of potted rice were analyzed with conventional medium japonica as the representative varieties. Under the suitable seedling number per hole, the potted rice seedlings had tillering occurrence in the seedling stage, slow seedling after transplanting was fast, belonged to the seedling field, and belonged to two-section high peak tillering pattern. The main tiller position is the second tiller position of the 4th to 7th and 4th tillers. The main tiller panicles are mainly from the 5th to 7th middle tillers, a few low tillers and the second tiller position. Compared with the blanket-shaped rice seedlings transplanted by machine, the seedlings transplanted by machine had shorter slow seedling stage, earlier growth and rapid development, smaller number of peak seedlings, but higher panicle forming rate. The dry matter accumulation increased by 9.28% from heading to maturity stage, and the root vigor of potted seedling transplanted rice was better than that of blanket seedling transplanted rice, with the spikelet root activity increased by 14.36% at Milky stage. The main characteristics are "large panicle and many grains". 5. The effect of seedling age on the yield of various varieties is significant. The yield of conventional medium-sized japonica and hybrid medium-sized indica varieties with relatively short growth period is the highest at 25-30 days of seedling age and 25 days of seedling age respectively; the yield of late-maturing japonica varieties with longer growth period and later maturity is the highest at 30-35 days of seedling age and late-maturing japonica varieties with hybrid rice respectively. The yield of conventional rice varieties was the highest under the condition of 3 or 4 seedlings per hole. The yield of hybrid rice varieties was the highest under the condition of 2 seedlings per hole. Among them, 2,3 seedlings per hole of Hybrid Japonica Rice and 1,2 seedlings per hole of hybrid indica rice. The best combination of seedling age and seedling number per hole was 25-30 days, 3-4 seedlings per hole, 30-35 seedling age of conventional medium-Japonica varieties and 30-35 seedling age of conventional late-Japonica varieties. D, 3-4 seedlings per hole; 30 days old Hybrid Japonica Rice seedlings, 2-3 seedlings per hole; 25 days old hybrid indica rice seedlings, 2 seedlings per hole. It is difficult to transplant rice seedlings with transplanter. The suitable seeding rate of Wuyunjing 24 is 45-60 g 65507 Chlorophyll degradation rate was low and the ability of keeping green was strong. The suitable seedling age could be prolonged to 35 days under this experimental condition. In the second chemical regulation, proper amount and timely second combination control could significantly improve seedling quality, effectively control seedling height and increase seedling uniformity. Kg seedling seedling agent, 2 leaf stage applied 0.06 g of Paclobutrazol, seedling quality of pot seedling was the best.
【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S511

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