黄河流域棉区适于机械采收的棉花播期和密度研究

发布时间：2018-08-17 12:50

【摘要】：随着适龄劳动力的减少和人工成本的增加,黄河流域棉区棉花收获由人工采摘向机械收获转变的迫切性日益增加。然而在该地区,缺乏配套的栽培管理措施,棉花群体结构和熟性难以符合机械采收的要求,严重制约该地区机械采收的发展。本试验于2012-2014年在河北省河间市进行,研究氮肥、播期及种植密度对棉花株型、产量、品质、早熟性和集中成熟性的影响,以期确定黄河流域机采棉适宜的播期和种植密度,加快实现该地区的棉花生产全程机械化。主要结果如下：播期推迟,棉花株高、茎粗及果枝长度未受到显著影响,果枝数减少,果枝始节上移,始节高度提高；棉花产量未受到显著影响,但成铃在中下部果枝的分配比例增加；烂铃减少,纤维长度和断裂比强度增加,纤维品质提高。在4月底5月初播种(P2,较常规播期推迟10d左右。品种为石抗126,下同。),棉花株高为74.3-111.8 cm,始节高度为26.9-31.5 cm,果枝长度为12.2-27.0cm,棉花株型基本满足机采要求(机采棉株高80-120 cm、始节高度不低于20 cm、果枝不长于25 cm)；棉花产量高于P1(常规播期)和P3(较常规播期推迟20 d左右)且烂铃较少；纤维长度和断裂比强度达到或接近30,符合机采的要求(机采棉产量要求不低于常规手采棉且纤维品质较好,纤维长度和断裂比强度不低于30mm和30 cN/tex);9月底吐絮率与P1差异较小,棉花早熟性较好。5月10日左右播种(P3),棉花株高、始节高度和果枝长度分别为77.1～109.0 cm、 33.0～33.8 cm和11.3-26.8 cm,株型满足机采的要求；籽棉产量较P2减少9.6%～13.8%且在少雨年份产量与P1相当。但在多雨年份,9月底吐絮率较P1显著降低,棉花熟性推迟,产量较P1减少9.2%；棉花纤维长度和断裂比强度均高于30,纤维品质3个播期中最好。综合考虑机采棉对株型、产量、纤维品质和早熟性的要求,建议机采棉的播期为4月底或5月初(P2)。提高密度,棉花株高显著降低,始节高度显著增加,果枝长度显著缩短；籽棉产量未受到显著影响,但产量在内围果节的分配比例增加。多雨年份,中上部果枝上的铃纤维长度和纤维强度增加,纤维品质提高。当密度由D1(67500株/hm~2)增加到D2(90000株/hm~2)时,棉花株高、始节高度和果枝长度分别为75.9～110.6 cm,28.8～30.0 cm和17.3-21.4 cm,较D1分别显著降低2.7-3.2 cm、增加1.2-2.5 cm、缩短0.5-5.0 cm,株型满足机采的要求；D2棉花产量较D1减少2.4-2.6%；纤维品质不低于D1,且各部位铃纤维长度大于30mm,断裂比强度达到或接近30cN/tex,纤维品质较好,且9月底吐絮率与D1相当,棉田早熟性较好。当密度由D1提高到D3(120000株/h吗2)时,棉花株高显著降低6.9-7.1 cm，果枝长度显著缩短1.7～8.3 cm,始节高度显著增加3.0-3.8 cm,棉花株型更加矮小紧凑,有利于机械采收。降水较少的年份,D3籽棉产量较D1略有提高,9月底吐絮率较D1变化不大,早熟性和集中成熟性较好,但多雨年份,成铃及产量分布向中上部果枝集中,吐絮率较D1显著降低,熟性推迟,产量较D1减少11%左右；纤维马克隆值较D1显著降低,纤维长度和强度达到双30。综合考虑机采棉对株型、产量、早熟性和纤维品质的要求,建议机采棉的密度为90000株/hm~2(D2)左右。因此,本研究综合考虑机采棉对棉花株型、产量、早熟性及纤维品质的要求,建议黄河流域棉区机采棉的适宜播期为4月底或者5月初(P2)，适宜密度90000株/hm~2(D2)左右。
[Abstract]:With the decrease of suitable-age labor force and the increase of labor cost, the urgency of cotton harvesting changing from manual harvesting to mechanical harvesting in the Yellow River Valley is increasing day by day. The experiment was conducted in Hejian City, Hebei Province from 2012 to 2014 to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer, sowing date and planting density on cotton plant type, yield, quality, early maturity and centralized maturity, with a view to determining the suitable sowing date and planting density for mechanized cotton harvesting in the Yellow River Basin and accelerating the realization of the whole process of mechanized cotton production in the region. The height of cotton plant, stem diameter and length of fruit branch were not significantly affected, the number of fruit branches decreased, the first node of fruit branch moved up, the height of the first node increased; the yield of cotton was not significantly affected, but the proportion of bolls in the middle and lower part of fruit branch increased; boll rotting decreased, fiber length and breaking strength increased, fiber quality improved. The cotton plant height was 74.3-111.8 cm, the initial node height was 26.9-31.5 cm, and the fruit branch length was 12.2-27.0 cm. The cotton plant type basically met the requirements of machine harvesting (the plant height of machine-harvested cotton was 80-120 cm, the initial node height was not less than 20 cm, and the fruit branch was not longer than 25 cm). (about 20 days later than the conventional sowing date) and less rotten bolls; fiber length and breaking strength reached or approached 30, in line with the requirements of mechanical picking (mechanical picking cotton yield requirements are not lower than conventional hand-picked cotton and fiber quality is good, fiber length and breaking strength is not less than 30 mm and 30 cN / tex); the end of September, the difference between the wadding rate and P1 is small, cotton early maturity is relatively high. The cotton plant height, initial node height and fruit branch length were 77.1-109.0 cm, 33.0-33.8 cm and 11.3-26.8 cm respectively. The plant type met the requirement of mechanical harvesting. The seed cotton yield decreased by 9.6%-13.8% compared with P2 and was similar to P1 in rainy year. But in rainy year, the flocculation rate decreased significantly at the end of September, and the maturity of cotton was delayed. The yield decreased by 9.2% compared with P1, and the fiber length and breaking strength of cotton were higher than 30. The fiber quality was the best among the three sowing dates. In rainy years, boll fiber length and fiber strength on upper and middle fruit branches increased, and fiber quality improved. When the density increased from D1 (67500 plants / HM 2) to D2 (90 000 plants / HM 2), plant height, initial node height and fruit branch length were 75. 9-110.6 cm, 28.8-30.0 cm and 17.3-21.4 cm, respectively, significantly reduced by 2.7-3.2 cm, increased by 1.2-2.5 cm, shortened by 0.5-5.0 cm, plant type to meet the requirements of machine harvesting; D2 cotton yield decreased by 2.4-2.6% compared with D1; fiber quality was not lower than D1, and boll fiber length was greater than 30 mm, breaking strength reached or approached 30 cN/tex, fiber quality was better, and fiber quality was better. When the density increased from D1 to D3 (120000 plants per hour Mo2), the cotton plant height decreased significantly by 6.9-7.1 cm, the length of fruit branch decreased significantly by 1.7-8.3 cm, the height of initial node increased significantly by 3.0-3.8 cm, and the cotton plant type was shorter and compact, which was beneficial to mechanical harvesting. In rainy years, boll setting and yield distribution were concentrated to upper and middle fruit branches. The boll opening rate was significantly reduced, maturity was delayed, and yield was about 11% less than that of D1. Fiber micronaire value was significantly reduced, fiber length and strength reached double 30. The density of machine-harvested cotton is about 90 000 plants/hm~2 (D2). Therefore, considering the requirement of plant type, yield, early maturity and fiber quality of machine-harvested cotton, it is suggested that the suitable sowing date for machine-harvested cotton in the Yellow River Basin is at the end of April or the beginning of May (P2), and the suitable density is 90 000 plants/hm~2 (D2). Hm~2 (D2).
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S562

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