西北黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区桃园水热调控技术及其生理生态效应研究
发布时间：2019-05-19 11:07
【摘要】：改善西北黄土高原旱地果园水分条件的途径和方法一直是该地区果树稳产丰产的核心问题。利用不同地表覆盖方式旱作技术在甘肃中东部黄土高原旱地果园的示范推广较大程度地缓解了该区域降水有限及季节性干旱对果树生产的限制。本研究采用大田定位试验方法,在年均降雨量500 mm左右的西北黄土高原半干旱丘陵沟壑区选择成龄桃园,研究了垄膜保墒集雨技术(PFM)、麦草覆盖(SM)和清耕(CT)处理条件下土壤水热调控、水分平衡利用、水分利用效率、果实产量,测定分析了果实膨大期桃叶片叶绿素荧光特性、光合作用及果实品质的变化。同时对垄膜保墒集雨全年覆盖(PFM)、垄膜保墒集雨3~6月底覆盖(JM)及清耕(CT)条件下不同土层(0~30 cm和30~60 cm)土壤水热时空变化与土壤养分、矿化特性、微生物生物量、酶活性等进行了研究。研究结果与结论如下:1、与CT相比,PFM处理增加土壤温度、SM处理(P0.05)降低了土壤温度。两种覆盖处理均增加了土壤重量含水量绝对值1.9~2.9%;年蒸散量(ET)降低了82.5 mm(SM)和49.3 mm(PFM)。覆盖条件下,水分利用效率由对照CT的5.7 kg m-3提高到了8.1(PFM)和9.0 kg m-3(SM),产量由25.2 t ha-1(CT)提高到了32.2 t ha-1(PFM)和32.5 t ha-1(SM)。2、果实迅速膨大期PFM和SM处理净光合速率日均值(PN)分别为13.1μmol m 2 s 1和12.2μmol m 2 s 1较CT 11.4μmol m 2 s 1提高了14.9%和7%;正午13:00叶绿素荧光动力学分析表明,PFM和SM与CT比较发现OJIP曲线显示CT处理J点明显升高,不同处理之间相对可变荧光强度VI差异不显著;PFM和SM较CT最大光化学效率(TR0/ABS)升高了3.8%~5.1%,光化学性能指数(PI abs)升高了36.4%~41.2%。3、土壤有机质含量的变化不同深度土壤养分含量各处理间存在差异。0~30cm土壤有机质含量PFM与CT比显著降低,JM处理变化不大;全氮含量的变化与有机质含量变化规律基本一致;土壤全磷PFM、JM与CT比均有所增加。30~60 cm土层PFM和JM土壤全磷明显较CT低。4、PFM和JM两种处理均显著提高了果园土壤有效养分成分,但两种处理之间存在差异。0~30cm土层,土壤碱解氮PFM和JM分别较对照增加了27.7%和14.6%;其中0~30cm土层有效磷PFM较JM减少了31.0%、速效钾增加了5.0%;在30~60cm土层,碱解氮PFM较JM增加了9.7%,有效磷减少了11.5%、速效钾减少了12%。5、不同深度土壤有机碳、氮、磷矿化速率不同,处理间存在差异。0~30cm土壤中有机碳、氮、磷矿化速率明显大于30~60 cm土壤的矿化速率,其中JM有机碳矿化速率最大,PFM最小;0~30cm土壤PFM和JM氮矿化速率较CT分别增加41.4%和23.7%,PFM和JM磷矿化速率较CT分别增加23.8%和10.2%,PFM氮、磷矿化速率较JM增加12.5%和11.1%;30~60cm土壤PFM氮矿化速率较JM增加10.1%。总体上PFM和JM处理土壤养分矿化速率明显高于CT。6、PFM、JM显著提高了土壤脲酶、磷酸酶的活性,降低根际过氧化氢酶活性,增加了微生物碳氮含量。其中0~30cm土壤PFM和JM较CT尿酶活性分别增加21.5%和51.42%,磷酸酶活性分别增加11.2%和21.4%,JM较PFM更有利于微生物和酶活性的提高。综上所述,PFM、SM显著提高了桃园根际土壤含水量,PFM处理提高了土壤温度,SM处理土壤温度有所降低;PFM、SM显著提高了土壤水分利用效率和产量。果实迅速膨大期PFM和SM处理提高了叶片净光合速率日均值PFM、JM提高土壤酶活性并促进了土壤有机质分解,加速了氮磷钾矿化速率,增加了土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量;提高了果品产量、改善了果实品质。垄膜保墒集雨技术JM处理(6月底揭膜)更有利于土壤环境的改善。
[Abstract]:The method and the method of improving the water condition of the orchard in the dry land of the Loess Plateau in the northwest of China have been the core problem of the stable and high yield of the fruit trees in the region. The model extension of the dry land on the Loess Plateau in the eastern part of Gansu province with different surface covering methods has largely relieved the limited rainfall in the region and the limitation of the seasonal drought on the production of fruit trees. In this study, a field location test method was used to select an old peach orchard in the semi-arid and semi-arid hills of the Loess Plateau in the northwest of the Loess Plateau, with an average annual rainfall of about 500 mm, and the soil water heat regulation under the conditions of the ridge-mulching and rain-collecting technology (PFM), the wheat straw covering (SM) and the clear-tillage (CT) treatment was studied. The changes of chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis and fruit quality of peach leaves were analyzed by water balance, water use efficiency and fruit yield. At the same time, the spatial and temporal changes of soil water in different soil layers (0-30cm and 30-60 cm) under the conditions of the ridge-keeping and the rain-retaining rain-collecting and rain-collecting covering (PFM), the rain-retaining rain-collecting rain of the ridge-keeping film for 3-6 months (JM) and the clearing-tillage (CT) were studied in this paper, and the soil nutrient, the mineralization characteristics, the microbial biomass, the enzyme activity and the like were studied. The results and conclusions of the study were as follows:1. Compared with CT, PFM treatment increased the soil temperature, and the SM treatment (P0.05) reduced the soil temperature. The absolute value of soil water content was 1.9-2.9%, and the annual evapotranspiration (ET) decreased by 82.5 mm (SM) and 49.3 mm (PFM). The water use efficiency was increased from 5.7 kg m-3 of the control CT to 8.1 (PFM) and 9.0 kg m-3 (SM) under the covering condition, and the yield was increased from 25.2 t ha-1 (CT) to 32.2 t ha-1 (PFM) and 32.5 t ha-1 (SM). The daily mean (PN) of the net photosynthetic rate of PFM and SM in the rapid expansion of the fruit was 13.1. m The results of the comparison of PFM and SM with CT showed that the J-point of the CT was significantly increased, and the difference of the relative variable fluorescence intensity VI between different treatments was not significant; the maximum photochemical efficiency (TR0/ ABS) of PFM and SM increased by 3.8%-5.1%, and the photochemical performance index (PI abs) increased by 36.4% ~ 41.2%. The content of organic matter in soil is different in different depth soil nutrient content. The content of organic matter in the soil of 0 ~ 30 cm is significantly lower than that of the CT, and the change of JM is not small. The change of total nitrogen content is basically the same as that of the organic matter content; the full-phosphorus PFM of the soil, The ratio of JM and CT increased. The total phosphorus of PFM and JM in 30-60 cm soil layer was significantly lower than that of CT.4, PFM and JM both significantly improve the effective nutrient components of the orchard soil, but the difference between the two treatments was 0-30cm soil layer, and the soil alkaline solution nitrogen PFM and JM increased by 27.7% and 14.6%, respectively. the effective phosphorus pfm of 0 to 30 cm soil layer is reduced by 31.0% and the available potassium is increased by 5.0%; in the 30-60 cm soil layer, the alkali solution nitrogen pfm is increased by 9.7%, the effective phosphorus is reduced by 11.5%, and the quick-acting potassium is reduced by 12%.5, the organic carbon, the nitrogen and the phosphorite rate of the soil at different depths are different, The mineralization rate of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorite in the soil from 0 to 30 cm is obviously greater than that of 30-60 cm soil, and the mineralization rate of the JM organic carbon is the largest and the PFM is the minimum; the PFM and JM nitrogen mineralization rates of the soil in the range of 0 to 30 cm are increased by 41.4% and 23.7%, respectively, The mineralization rate of PFM and JM increased by 23.8% and 10.2%, respectively. The rate of PFM nitrogen and phosphorite increased by 12.5% and 11.1%, respectively. The mineralization rate of PFM and N in 30 ~ 60 cm soil increased by 10.1%. In general, the rate of soil nutrient mineralization was significantly higher than that of CT.6, PFM and JM, and the activity of catalase and phosphatase in the soil was significantly increased, and the microbial carbon and nitrogen content was increased. The activity of pPFM and JM in 0-30cm soil increased by 21.5% and 51.42%, respectively, and the activity of phosphatase increased by 11.2% and 21.4%, respectively. In conclusion, PFM and SM significantly improve the water content of the rhizosphere soil of the peach orchard, and the PFM treatment improves the soil temperature, and the temperature of the SM treatment soil is reduced; and the PFM and the SM obviously improve the water use efficiency and the yield of the soil water. In that rapid expansion period of the fruit, the PFM and the SM treatment improve the mean PFM of the net photosynthetic rate of the leaves, improve the activity of the soil enzyme and promote the decomposition of the organic matter of the soil, accelerate the mineralization rate of the nitrogen and phosphorus and the potassium, increase the quick-acting nitrogen, the phosphorus and the potassium content of the soil, improve the yield of the fruit and improve the quality of the fruit. The improvement of soil environment is more favorable to the treatment of the ridge film and the rain-collecting technology JM (the release of the film by the end of June).
【学位授予单位】：甘肃农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S662.1
，
本文编号：2480676
[Abstract]:The method and the method of improving the water condition of the orchard in the dry land of the Loess Plateau in the northwest of China have been the core problem of the stable and high yield of the fruit trees in the region. The model extension of the dry land on the Loess Plateau in the eastern part of Gansu province with different surface covering methods has largely relieved the limited rainfall in the region and the limitation of the seasonal drought on the production of fruit trees. In this study, a field location test method was used to select an old peach orchard in the semi-arid and semi-arid hills of the Loess Plateau in the northwest of the Loess Plateau, with an average annual rainfall of about 500 mm, and the soil water heat regulation under the conditions of the ridge-mulching and rain-collecting technology (PFM), the wheat straw covering (SM) and the clear-tillage (CT) treatment was studied. The changes of chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis and fruit quality of peach leaves were analyzed by water balance, water use efficiency and fruit yield. At the same time, the spatial and temporal changes of soil water in different soil layers (0-30cm and 30-60 cm) under the conditions of the ridge-keeping and the rain-retaining rain-collecting and rain-collecting covering (PFM), the rain-retaining rain-collecting rain of the ridge-keeping film for 3-6 months (JM) and the clearing-tillage (CT) were studied in this paper, and the soil nutrient, the mineralization characteristics, the microbial biomass, the enzyme activity and the like were studied. The results and conclusions of the study were as follows:1. Compared with CT, PFM treatment increased the soil temperature, and the SM treatment (P0.05) reduced the soil temperature. The absolute value of soil water content was 1.9-2.9%, and the annual evapotranspiration (ET) decreased by 82.5 mm (SM) and 49.3 mm (PFM). The water use efficiency was increased from 5.7 kg m-3 of the control CT to 8.1 (PFM) and 9.0 kg m-3 (SM) under the covering condition, and the yield was increased from 25.2 t ha-1 (CT) to 32.2 t ha-1 (PFM) and 32.5 t ha-1 (SM). The daily mean (PN) of the net photosynthetic rate of PFM and SM in the rapid expansion of the fruit was 13.1. m The results of the comparison of PFM and SM with CT showed that the J-point of the CT was significantly increased, and the difference of the relative variable fluorescence intensity VI between different treatments was not significant; the maximum photochemical efficiency (TR0/ ABS) of PFM and SM increased by 3.8%-5.1%, and the photochemical performance index (PI abs) increased by 36.4% ~ 41.2%. The content of organic matter in soil is different in different depth soil nutrient content. The content of organic matter in the soil of 0 ~ 30 cm is significantly lower than that of the CT, and the change of JM is not small. The change of total nitrogen content is basically the same as that of the organic matter content; the full-phosphorus PFM of the soil, The ratio of JM and CT increased. The total phosphorus of PFM and JM in 30-60 cm soil layer was significantly lower than that of CT.4, PFM and JM both significantly improve the effective nutrient components of the orchard soil, but the difference between the two treatments was 0-30cm soil layer, and the soil alkaline solution nitrogen PFM and JM increased by 27.7% and 14.6%, respectively. the effective phosphorus pfm of 0 to 30 cm soil layer is reduced by 31.0% and the available potassium is increased by 5.0%; in the 30-60 cm soil layer, the alkali solution nitrogen pfm is increased by 9.7%, the effective phosphorus is reduced by 11.5%, and the quick-acting potassium is reduced by 12%.5, the organic carbon, the nitrogen and the phosphorite rate of the soil at different depths are different, The mineralization rate of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorite in the soil from 0 to 30 cm is obviously greater than that of 30-60 cm soil, and the mineralization rate of the JM organic carbon is the largest and the PFM is the minimum; the PFM and JM nitrogen mineralization rates of the soil in the range of 0 to 30 cm are increased by 41.4% and 23.7%, respectively, The mineralization rate of PFM and JM increased by 23.8% and 10.2%, respectively. The rate of PFM nitrogen and phosphorite increased by 12.5% and 11.1%, respectively. The mineralization rate of PFM and N in 30 ~ 60 cm soil increased by 10.1%. In general, the rate of soil nutrient mineralization was significantly higher than that of CT.6, PFM and JM, and the activity of catalase and phosphatase in the soil was significantly increased, and the microbial carbon and nitrogen content was increased. The activity of pPFM and JM in 0-30cm soil increased by 21.5% and 51.42%, respectively, and the activity of phosphatase increased by 11.2% and 21.4%, respectively. In conclusion, PFM and SM significantly improve the water content of the rhizosphere soil of the peach orchard, and the PFM treatment improves the soil temperature, and the temperature of the SM treatment soil is reduced; and the PFM and the SM obviously improve the water use efficiency and the yield of the soil water. In that rapid expansion period of the fruit, the PFM and the SM treatment improve the mean PFM of the net photosynthetic rate of the leaves, improve the activity of the soil enzyme and promote the decomposition of the organic matter of the soil, accelerate the mineralization rate of the nitrogen and phosphorus and the potassium, increase the quick-acting nitrogen, the phosphorus and the potassium content of the soil, improve the yield of the fruit and improve the quality of the fruit. The improvement of soil environment is more favorable to the treatment of the ridge film and the rain-collecting technology JM (the release of the film by the end of June).
【学位授予单位】：甘肃农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S662.1
，
本文编号：2480676
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