盐碱胁迫下水稻磷素吸收利用转运特征的研究

发布时间：2019-05-21 19:06

【摘要】：本论文首先对吉林省40个主要栽培水稻品种进行种子萌发期耐盐碱性鉴定,从中选出10个品种进行全生育期耐盐碱性鉴定,并对其中4个代表品种(耐盐碱品种东稻4和长白9,盐碱敏感品种通育315和长白25)的磷素积累转运特征进行初步研究,以筛选出东稻4和通育315作为供试材料,对其在轻度(p H 8.27,ESP 9.7%)和重度(p H 9.09,ESP 21.56%)盐碱胁迫及不同施磷(P0,P50,P100,P150,P200)条件下的植株生长发育和磷素积累利用转运特征进行研究。结果如下:水稻耐盐碱性随植株生长呈动态变化,且品种间耐盐碱性差异显著。东稻4和长白9在不同盐碱处理和生长时期均表现出较强的耐盐碱性,种子萌发率、籽粒产量和盐碱胁迫耐受阈值较高;通育315仅在萌发期耐盐碱性较强,在全生育期对盐碱较敏感;长白25的耐盐碱能力较弱。水稻籽粒磷积累量与其地上各部位生物量呈显著正相关,籽粒产量和磷积累量则均与各部位Na+/K+呈显著负相关。盐碱胁迫使水稻植株生长减缓、生物量和磷积累量减少、Na+/K+升高、千粒重和结实率显著降低,但对耐盐碱品种的影响较小。水稻抽穗期至成熟期,植株营养部位向籽粒的干物质转运与磷转运特征差异较大。干物质转运量对粒重的贡献率较小,不足20%,而磷转运量对籽粒磷含量的贡献率超过60%。不同程度盐碱胁迫对水稻干物质量和磷转运的影响差异较大,轻度盐碱胁迫减少了植株干物质和磷积累量,显著增加了二者向籽粒的转运量、转运效率和对籽粒的转运贡献率,且东稻4和长白9的干物质转运指标变化较小,磷转运指标变化较大;通育315和长白25的干物质和磷转运指标变化则相反。重度盐碱胁迫下,水稻茎部干物质量增加,结实率显著降低,磷吸收效率升高,干物质和磷转运显著减少,且耐盐碱品种东稻4的干物质和磷转运量、转运效率和转运贡献率受重度盐碱影响较小,其成熟期磷吸收效率也明显较高。盐碱胁迫下水稻品种对施磷的响应差异显著,存在不同最适施磷量。轻度盐碱下外施磷肥对水稻的生长发育和磷营养特征影响较小,由于供试土壤中速效磷含量较高,水稻在不施磷时仍能获得相对较高的干物质和磷积累与转运量。轻度和重度盐碱胁迫下,东稻4的最适施磷量分别为150 kg ha-1和200 kg ha-1,通育315的最适施磷量则均为100 kg ha-1。因此耐盐碱品种对磷更敏感,尤其在重度盐碱下施磷能显著提高水稻生物量和产量,降低Na+/K+,增加磷积累和转运量、转运效率、转运贡献率和磷收获指数;而盐碱敏感品种对磷的敏感性较弱,重度盐碱胁迫下植株生长及磷素运移受施磷处理影响较小,受盐碱胁迫危害较大。合理的磷肥施用应紧密结合水稻品种类型及当地土壤环境。
[Abstract]:In this paper, 40 main cultivated rice varieties in Jilin Province were identified for salt and alkalinity tolerance at seed germination stage, and 10 varieties were selected for salt and alkali tolerance identification during the whole growth period. The characteristics of phosphorus accumulation and transport of four representative varieties (Dongdao 4 and Changbai 9, Tongyu 315 and Changbai 25) were studied, and Dongdao 4 and Tongyu 315 were selected as the tested materials. In mild (p H 8.27, esp 9.7% and severe (p H 9.09, esp 21.56%) saline-alkali stress and different phosphorus application (P0, P50, P100, P150, The characteristics of plant growth and development and phosphorus accumulation and transport under the condition of P200) were studied. The results were as follows: the salt tolerance of rice changed dynamically with plant growth, and there was significant difference in salt tolerance among varieties. Dongdao 4 and Changbai 9 showed strong salt and alkalinity tolerance, seed germination rate, grain yield and saline-alkali stress tolerance threshold at different saline-alkali treatments and growth stages. Tongyu 315 only had strong salt and alkali tolerance at germination stage and was sensitive to salt and alkali during the whole growth period, while Changbai 25 had weak salt and alkali tolerance. There was a significant positive correlation between grain phosphorus accumulation and biomass in all parts of rice, while grain yield and phosphorus accumulation were negatively correlated with Na / K in each part of rice. Saline-alkali stress slowed down the growth of rice plants, decreased biomass and phosphorus accumulation, increased Na / K, and significantly decreased 1000-grain weight and seed setting rate, but had little effect on saline-alkali tolerant varieties. From heading stage to mature stage, the characteristics of dry matter transport and phosphorus transport from plant nutrition site to grain were quite different. The contribution rate of dry matter transport to grain weight was less than 20%, while the contribution rate of phosphorus transport to grain phosphorus content was more than 60%. The effects of different degrees of saline-alkali stress on dry matter quality and phosphorus transport in rice were quite different. Mild saline-alkali stress decreased plant dry matter and phosphorus accumulation, significantly increased their transport to grain, transport efficiency and contribution rate to grain transport. The dry matter transport indexes of Dongdao 4 and Changbai 9 changed little, but the phosphorus transport indexes changed greatly. The dry matter and phosphorus transport indexes of Tongyu 315 and Changbai 25 were opposite. Under severe saline-alkali stress, the dry matter mass of rice stem increased, the seed setting rate decreased significantly, the phosphorus absorption efficiency increased, the dry matter and phosphorus transport decreased significantly, and the dry matter and phosphorus transport of saline-alkali tolerant variety Dongdao 4. The transport efficiency and transport contribution rate were less affected by severe saline-alkali, and the phosphorus absorption efficiency at mature stage was also significantly higher. Under saline-alkali stress, the response of rice varieties to phosphorus application was significantly different, and there were different optimal phosphorus application rates. The external application of phosphorus fertilizer under mild saline and alkali had little effect on the growth and development of rice and the characteristics of phosphorus nutrition. Due to the high content of available phosphorus in the tested soil, rice could still obtain relatively high dry matter and phosphorus accumulation and transport without phosphorus application. Under mild and severe saline-alkali stress, the optimum phosphorus application rate of Dongdao 4 was 150 kg ha-1 and 200 kg ha-1, respectively. Therefore, saline-alkali tolerant varieties were more sensitive to phosphorus, especially under severe saline-alkali conditions, phosphorus application could significantly increase rice biomass and yield, reduce Na / K, increase phosphorus accumulation and transport, transport efficiency, transport contribution rate and phosphorus harvest index. However, the sensitivity of saline-alkali sensitive varieties to phosphorus was weak. Under severe saline-alkali stress, plant growth and phosphorus transport were less affected by phosphorus treatment, but more harmful to saline-alkali stress. Reasonable application of phosphate fertilizer should be closely combined with rice variety types and local soil environment.
【学位授予单位】：中国科学院大学(中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所)
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S511

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