盐池县封育条件下草地生态环境演变态势及草场管理
发布时间：2019-06-09 15:57
【摘要】：禁牧封育是为我国最重要的生态保护措施之一,尤其在干旱半干旱地区。通过退耕还林和禁牧封育,有效的遏制了草原退化沙化,为各种牧草的生长提供了生境及休养生息的条件,促使草原植被较快恢复,实现草原资源的永续利用和自然生态系统的良性循环。本文结合国家荒漠化定位监测项目,以全国荒漠化定位监测站、中国北方农牧交错带沙质荒漠化强烈发展地区之一宁夏盐池县为例,从生态学和利用的角度,通过地面样地调查与宏观遥感监测相结合的方法,分析封育措施下植物群落的演替态势、土壤质地的变化特征以及草地的健康状况,试图找到沙化草地植被的最佳恢复方式,探讨草场的生态管理模式,解决生态保护与经济生产间的冲突问题,为沙化草地植被恢复及草场管理提供理论依据,主要阶段性成果如下：(1)研究区内草本植物占绝对优势,其中多年生草本占大多数,灌木、半灌木最少。从科属组成来看,豆科植物和菊科植物占主要地位,其次为禾本科、藜科。运用TWINSPAN等级分类将研究区在4级水平上划分为7个群落类型。(2)对宁夏盐池县自然地带沙地植被演替的研究表明,一般正向演替序列为：一年生草本短命先锋植物→一、二年生草本植物→多年生草本植物→多年生半灌木、灌木。退耕还林地、天然草地和翻耕区正处于以一年生和多年生草本为主要优势种的正向演替阶段；新封育区和半封育区正处于以半灌木、灌木和多年生草本为主要优势种的正向演替阶段；而老封育区呈现以多年生草本植物为优势种的逆向演替趋势。在植物群落的正向演替过程中,群落中物种的生态位宽度趋于均匀化。(3)对带状翻耕区内植被恢复状况研究表明,翻耕能够增加生物多样性、提高群落均匀度,但这种作用并不显著,在植被盖度和生物量方面,翻耕区的数值波动很大,并没有明显的提高,群落稳定性较差,翻耕区内土壤含水量较低,养分含量很少。所以,就目前的研究来看带状翻耕对于盐池草场来说,并不是一种很好的恢复方式。(4)研究区土壤贫瘠,土壤养分状况非常差,土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾、有机质含量很低。放牧等干扰主要影响了土壤表层的理化性质。不同深度土层土壤含水量都是半封育区最高。干扰梯度的不同对速效养分的影响规律比较明显,基本上是干扰越大养分含量越低。(5)选取多种对草地生态系统影响较大的因子对盐池县的草地进行健康等级划分,优等草地占全部草地面积的0.39%,中等占60.18%,劣等占39.43%。单位优等草地生态系统服务价值为6286.98元/hm2·a,中等草地为3627.41元/hm2·a,劣等草地为2179.32元/hm2·a。2014年盐池县草地生态系统的总服务价值为1375.79×106元。(6)封育措施对植被恢复的作用效果明显。它能够保护植被免受人畜干扰,为植被提供良好的休养生息的条件,提高群落生物多样性,改善土壤养分状况,从而促进群落恢复达到一个相对稳定的状态。从盐池县植被覆盖图中也可以看出,2002年采取全县禁牧措施后,2003、2004年植被覆盖度明显增加。但长时间的完全封育并不利于植被的恢复。随着封育时间的延长,封育区内地表生物结皮形成并逐渐增厚,不仅与植物争水争肥,还直接影响了水分的入渗,从而影响了植物的生长。完全封育的最佳年限为8年左右。考虑到盐池县的生态脆弱性,建议对草地进行分级管理。劣等草地继续实行退耕还林以及禁牧封育等植被恢复措施,对中等草地和优等草地实行季节性放牧或轮牧等方式利用,经济生产与生态保护的妥协点为地上生物量的35%。(7)在禁牧政策下,抑制偷牧现象最好的办法是加大监管力度与惩罚强度的同时,提高牧民的长期禁牧收益,当禁牧后的收益等于偷牧的短期收益时,即使政府不监管牧民也不会偷牧。建议采用轮牧、季节性放牧政策与禁牧补贴政策相结合的方法来提高牧民在禁牧政策下的收益。
[Abstract]:It is one of the most important ecological protection measures in China, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The grassland degradation and desertification are effectively restrained by the farmland conversion to the forest and the forbidden animal husbandry, and the conditions of the habitat and the rest and interest are provided for the growth of various herbage, so that the grassland vegetation is quickly recovered, and the sustainable utilization of the grassland resources and the virtuous circle of the natural ecological system are realized. Combined with the national desertification location monitoring project, taking the national desertification location monitoring station and one of the strong development areas of the agriculture and animal husbandry in the north of China, Yanchi County, Ningxia, as an example, from the angle of ecology and utilization, By means of ground-like survey and macro-remote sensing monitoring, the succession situation of the plant community, the change of soil texture and the state of the grassland were analyzed, and the best mode of restoration of the grassland vegetation was tried to find the best mode of restoration of the grassland, and the ecological management mode of the grassland was discussed. To solve the conflict between ecological protection and economic production, to provide the theoretical basis for vegetation restoration and grassland management of the desertification grassland. The main results are as follows: (1) The herb in the study area is an absolute advantage, and the perennial herbs account for most of the shrub and the semi-shrub. In terms of the composition of the family, the leguminous plants and the compound of the family account for the main status, followed by the Gramineae and the family of the family. The study area was divided into 7 community types at 4 levels using the TWINSPAN hierarchy. (2) The study of the vegetation succession in the natural zone of Yanchi County of Ningxia indicates that the normal succession sequence is: annual herb short-life pioneer plant, biennial herb, biennial herb, perennial herb, perennial half-shrub and shrub. The natural grassland and the plowing area are in the forward succession stage of the main dominant species of the annual and perennial herbs; the new and half-sealing areas are in the forward succession stage of the main dominant species of the semi-shrub, the shrub and the perennial herbs; And the old sealing area shows the reverse succession trend of the dominant species of the perennial herbs. In the process of the forward succession of the plant community, the niche breadth of the species in the community tends to be uniform. (3) The research of the vegetation restoration in the strip-like area shows that the plowing can increase the biological diversity and improve the evenness of the community, but the effect is not significant, and the numerical fluctuation of the plowing area is very large in terms of the vegetation cover and the biomass, and there is no obvious improvement. The stability of the community is poor, the water content of the soil in the plowing area is low, and the nutrient content is very low. So, as far as the current research is concerned, the strip-type plowing is not a good way of recovery for the salt-pool meadows. (4) The soil of the study area is poor, the soil nutrient condition is very poor, the soil total nitrogen, the quick-acting nitrogen, the total phosphorus, the quick-acting phosphorus, the total potassium, the quick-acting potassium and the organic matter content are very low. Grazing and other disturbances mainly affect the physical and chemical properties of the surface of the soil. The soil moisture content in different depth soil layers is the highest in the half-sealing area. The influence of the different disturbance gradient on the quick-acting nutrient is more obvious, which is basically the lower the nutrient content of the disturbance. (5) A variety of factors which have a great influence on the grassland ecosystem are selected to carry out the health grade division on the grassland in Yanchi County, and the green grass accounts for 0.39% of the total grassland area, 60.18% of the medium and 39.43% of the inferior. The ecosystem service value of the grassland ecosystem is 6286.98 yuan/ hm ~ 2 路 a, the middle grassland is 3627.41 yuan/ hm ~ 2 路 a and the inferior grassland is 2179.32 yuan/ hm ~ 2 路 a. The total service value of the grassland ecosystem in Yanchi County in 2014 is 1375.79 to 106 yuan. (6) The effect of the protective measures on the restoration of the vegetation is obvious. It can protect the vegetation from human and animal interference, provide the condition of good rest and interest for the vegetation, improve the biological diversity of the community and improve the soil nutrient condition, thereby promoting the community to recover to a relatively stable state. It can also be seen from the vegetation cover map of Yanchi County that the vegetation coverage increased significantly in 2003 and 2004 after the county's ban on grazing in the whole county in 2002. But it is not good for the restoration of vegetation for a long time. Along with the extension of the sealing time, the surface biological crust in the sealing area is formed and gradually thickened, not only is the water dispute with the plant, but also the infiltration of the water is directly affected, thus the growth of the plant is affected. The best period of full-closure is about 8 years. Considering the ecological vulnerability of Yanchi County, it is suggested to carry out hierarchical management on the grassland. The grassland, such as the inferior meadows, continues to carry out the vegetation restoration measures such as the conversion of the farmland to the forest and the cultivation of the forbidden animal, and the use of seasonal grazing or rotation grazing on the medium-and high-quality grassland, and the compromise point of the economic production and the ecological protection is 35% of the above-ground biomass. (7) In the anti-animal husbandry policy, the best way to suppress the phenomenon of grazing is to increase the supervision and punishment strength, to increase the long-term non-grazing income of the herdsmen, and when the income of the prohibited animal is equal to the short-term income of the herding, even if the government does not regulate the herdsmen to steal the animal. It is suggested to improve the income of herdsmen under the prohibition of animal husbandry by means of the combination of the policy of rotation and grazing, the seasonal grazing policy and the policy of the prohibition of animal husbandry.
【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S812
，
本文编号：2495680
[Abstract]:It is one of the most important ecological protection measures in China, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The grassland degradation and desertification are effectively restrained by the farmland conversion to the forest and the forbidden animal husbandry, and the conditions of the habitat and the rest and interest are provided for the growth of various herbage, so that the grassland vegetation is quickly recovered, and the sustainable utilization of the grassland resources and the virtuous circle of the natural ecological system are realized. Combined with the national desertification location monitoring project, taking the national desertification location monitoring station and one of the strong development areas of the agriculture and animal husbandry in the north of China, Yanchi County, Ningxia, as an example, from the angle of ecology and utilization, By means of ground-like survey and macro-remote sensing monitoring, the succession situation of the plant community, the change of soil texture and the state of the grassland were analyzed, and the best mode of restoration of the grassland vegetation was tried to find the best mode of restoration of the grassland, and the ecological management mode of the grassland was discussed. To solve the conflict between ecological protection and economic production, to provide the theoretical basis for vegetation restoration and grassland management of the desertification grassland. The main results are as follows: (1) The herb in the study area is an absolute advantage, and the perennial herbs account for most of the shrub and the semi-shrub. In terms of the composition of the family, the leguminous plants and the compound of the family account for the main status, followed by the Gramineae and the family of the family. The study area was divided into 7 community types at 4 levels using the TWINSPAN hierarchy. (2) The study of the vegetation succession in the natural zone of Yanchi County of Ningxia indicates that the normal succession sequence is: annual herb short-life pioneer plant, biennial herb, biennial herb, perennial herb, perennial half-shrub and shrub. The natural grassland and the plowing area are in the forward succession stage of the main dominant species of the annual and perennial herbs; the new and half-sealing areas are in the forward succession stage of the main dominant species of the semi-shrub, the shrub and the perennial herbs; And the old sealing area shows the reverse succession trend of the dominant species of the perennial herbs. In the process of the forward succession of the plant community, the niche breadth of the species in the community tends to be uniform. (3) The research of the vegetation restoration in the strip-like area shows that the plowing can increase the biological diversity and improve the evenness of the community, but the effect is not significant, and the numerical fluctuation of the plowing area is very large in terms of the vegetation cover and the biomass, and there is no obvious improvement. The stability of the community is poor, the water content of the soil in the plowing area is low, and the nutrient content is very low. So, as far as the current research is concerned, the strip-type plowing is not a good way of recovery for the salt-pool meadows. (4) The soil of the study area is poor, the soil nutrient condition is very poor, the soil total nitrogen, the quick-acting nitrogen, the total phosphorus, the quick-acting phosphorus, the total potassium, the quick-acting potassium and the organic matter content are very low. Grazing and other disturbances mainly affect the physical and chemical properties of the surface of the soil. The soil moisture content in different depth soil layers is the highest in the half-sealing area. The influence of the different disturbance gradient on the quick-acting nutrient is more obvious, which is basically the lower the nutrient content of the disturbance. (5) A variety of factors which have a great influence on the grassland ecosystem are selected to carry out the health grade division on the grassland in Yanchi County, and the green grass accounts for 0.39% of the total grassland area, 60.18% of the medium and 39.43% of the inferior. The ecosystem service value of the grassland ecosystem is 6286.98 yuan/ hm ~ 2 路 a, the middle grassland is 3627.41 yuan/ hm ~ 2 路 a and the inferior grassland is 2179.32 yuan/ hm ~ 2 路 a. The total service value of the grassland ecosystem in Yanchi County in 2014 is 1375.79 to 106 yuan. (6) The effect of the protective measures on the restoration of the vegetation is obvious. It can protect the vegetation from human and animal interference, provide the condition of good rest and interest for the vegetation, improve the biological diversity of the community and improve the soil nutrient condition, thereby promoting the community to recover to a relatively stable state. It can also be seen from the vegetation cover map of Yanchi County that the vegetation coverage increased significantly in 2003 and 2004 after the county's ban on grazing in the whole county in 2002. But it is not good for the restoration of vegetation for a long time. Along with the extension of the sealing time, the surface biological crust in the sealing area is formed and gradually thickened, not only is the water dispute with the plant, but also the infiltration of the water is directly affected, thus the growth of the plant is affected. The best period of full-closure is about 8 years. Considering the ecological vulnerability of Yanchi County, it is suggested to carry out hierarchical management on the grassland. The grassland, such as the inferior meadows, continues to carry out the vegetation restoration measures such as the conversion of the farmland to the forest and the cultivation of the forbidden animal, and the use of seasonal grazing or rotation grazing on the medium-and high-quality grassland, and the compromise point of the economic production and the ecological protection is 35% of the above-ground biomass. (7) In the anti-animal husbandry policy, the best way to suppress the phenomenon of grazing is to increase the supervision and punishment strength, to increase the long-term non-grazing income of the herdsmen, and when the income of the prohibited animal is equal to the short-term income of the herding, even if the government does not regulate the herdsmen to steal the animal. It is suggested to improve the income of herdsmen under the prohibition of animal husbandry by means of the combination of the policy of rotation and grazing, the seasonal grazing policy and the policy of the prohibition of animal husbandry.
【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S812
，
本文编号：2495680
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