南岭山地松科树种径向生长与气候因子关系及气候重建研究

发布时间：2019-06-13 16:36

【摘要】：20世纪以来,全球气候变化对森林生态系统产生了深远的影响。山地森林生态系统较为脆弱,对于气候变化反映更为敏感,因此研究山地森林生态系统对全球气候变化的响应具有重要意义。南岭是中国南部最大的山脉,也是我国南北气候分界线之一,分布有典型的山地森林生态系统,其独特的地貌和广泛分布的原始森林为开展森林对气候变化响应的研究提供了得天独厚的条件。树木年轮气候学的系统研究有利于深刻认识气候变化对南岭山地森林生态系统的影响和预测未来植被的分布格局。本文以马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、华南五针松(Pinus Kwangtungesis Chun)和资源冷杉(Abies beshanzuensis var. ziyuanensis)为研究对象,分别布设了4个马尾松采样点、4个华南五针松采样点和2个资源冷杉采样点,采集树芯样本,并建立相应的年表。通过相关分析与响应函数分析、特征年分析等方法,研究树种、年龄、纬度、海拔梯度对树木径向生长与气候因子(上年6月到当年12月的月平均气温、月平均最高气温和月平均最低气温、月平均降水量)关系的影响,同时根据近60年来研究地区的气象数据,分析树木径向生长对气候因子的响应,据此重建南岭山地的3条历史气候序列,并分析其气候变化特征。主要研究结果有：1、不同树种的径向生长对气候因子的响应关系有差异。马尾松、华南五针松径向生长具有与温度升高相一致的趋势,而资源冷杉径向生长则出现随温度升高而下降的“分离现象”。对水热条件的正响应是影响马尾松、华南五针松年轮宽度与温度保持一致的关键。升温导致的水分胁迫是造成资源冷杉年轮宽度与温度变化趋势相反的重要因素。2、年龄对树木径向生长与气候因子的响应关系有重要影响,不同年龄的资源冷杉径向生长与生长季的温度正相关、与生长季的降水负相关,但主要受温度的影响。幼龄树对当年生长季的温度和降水的响应比较敏感,而老龄树则相对受上年生长季末期的气候变化比较敏感。年表所包含样本的年龄不同,其对气候变化的响应特征也不同,年表所包含的样本的年龄跨度大,则容易掩盖不同年龄树木对外界气候变化反应的特性。3、海拔梯度对华南五针松径向生长与气候因子的关系有重要影响。在森林下限的低海拔处,树木径向生长受当年生长季温度和降水的影响很大,但相比较来说,主要受降水的影响,生长季充足的降水有利于树木的生长,温度偏高易于窄轮的形成。随着海拔的升高,温度限制树木生长的作用有所增强,降水限制树木生长的作用有所减弱,在中海拔处,降水的影响主要来自上年秋季,充足的降水有利于宽轮的形成,生长季温度偏高不利于树木生长。在高海拔的森林上限,树木生长受当年生长季温度和降水的影响都很大,但主要受温度的影响,生长季较高的温度促进宽轮的形成,生长季过多的降水易形成窄轮。4、纬度对马尾松径向生长与气候因子的关系影响不同。北部地区径向生长主要受冬季和夏季温度的影响,冬季和夏季温度的升高均促进了马尾松的径向生长；中部地区马尾松的径向生长主要受冬季和夏季温度的影响,冬季温度的升高促进了马尾松的径向生长,但夏季温度的升高在一定程度上抑制了马尾松的径向生长；南部地区马尾松的径向生长主要受夏季温度的影响,夏季温度的升高抑制了马尾松的生长。降水对马尾松径向生长的影响只与南部地区显著相关,中部地区马尾松的径向生长与上年10月的降水相关,但不显著。5、南岭山地北部地区5-7月平均气温模拟重建结果表明,在20世纪40年代以前气候主要是以寒冷为主,其中5-7月温度最低的3年分别为1892年、1952年和1845年,而温度最高的3年依次为2007年、2005年和1988年。对重建序列进行11年滑动平均,在20世纪40年代以前气候主要是以寒冷为主,重建的温度序列有4个较为明显的冷期(1840～1866年、1879～1902年、1914～1924年、1932～1940年)；3个明显的暖期(1869～1877年、1905～1913年和1925～1930年)。在20世纪90年代后期,出现了明显的气温升高现象。南岭山地中部地区2-3月平均气温模拟重建结果表明,在过去120多年来的温度变化上,其中2-3月份最低的3年分别为1957年、1945年和1893年,而温度最高的3年依次为2007年、2002年和1960年。对重建序列进行11年滑动平均,重建的温度序列有3个较为明显的冷期(1892～1906年、1918～1922年、1944～1957年)和3个明显的暖期(1909～1917年、1959～1968年和1998～2010年)。南岭山地南部地区9-10月降水模拟重建结果表明,在过去114年来的降水变化上,其中9～10月份最低的3年分别为1957年、1945年和1893年,而降水最高的3年依次为2007年、2002年和1960年。对重建序列进行11年滑动平均,重建的降水序列有3个偏干期(1913～1921年、1941～1968年、1978～1988年)和4个偏湿期(1897～1912年、1922～1940年、1969～1977年、1989～2010年)。从降水量偏湿时期的平均值来看,平均值的最大值出现在1922年,值为152.7mm；从降水量偏干时期的平均值来看,平均值的最小值出现在1961年,值为97.5mm。最长的偏湿时期为1922-1940年,持续了19年；而最长的偏干时期为1941-1968年,持续了28年。
[Abstract]:The global climate change has had a far-reaching impact on the forest ecosystem since the twenty-first century. Mountain forest ecosystem is more fragile and is more sensitive to climate change, so it is of great significance to study the response of mountain forest ecosystem to global climate change. Nanling is the largest mountain range in the southern part of China. It is also one of the north and the south of China. It is a typical mountain forest ecosystem. The unique landforms and the widely distributed primitive forests provide unique conditions for the study of the response of forest to climate change. The systematic study of the tree-year-round climatology is beneficial to the deep understanding of the impacts of climate change on the forest ecosystem in the Nanling Mountain and the distribution pattern of the future vegetation. In this paper, Pinus massoniana (Pinus massoniana), Pinus kangtungensis Chun and Abies beshanzuensis var. Ziyuanensis was used as the research object.4 masson pine sampling points,4 south china five-needle loose sampling points and two fir sampling points are respectively arranged, and the tree core samples are collected and corresponding annual tables are established. The radial growth and climatic factors of tree species, age, latitude and altitude were studied by correlation analysis and response function analysis and characteristic year analysis. The monthly mean temperature, monthly average maximum temperature and monthly mean minimum temperature of tree species, age, latitude and altitude were studied. Based on the meteorological data of the study area in the last 60 years, the response of the radial growth of the trees to the climate factors is analyzed, and the three historical climate sequences of the Nanling Mountain are reconstructed, and the characteristics of the climate change are analyzed. The main results are as follows:1. The radial growth of different species is different to the response of the climatic factors. The radial growth of Pinus massoniana and the five-needle pine in South China has a tendency to be consistent with the increase of the temperature, while the radial growth of the fir is a decreasing "separation" with the increase of the temperature. The positive response to the hydrothermal condition is the key to the consistency of the width and temperature of Pinus massoniana and South China's five-needle pine. The water stress caused by the temperature increase is an important factor which causes the change of the annual wheel width and the temperature change trend of the resource fir. There is a negative correlation with the precipitation in the growth season, but is mainly influenced by the temperature. Young-age trees are sensitive to the temperature and precipitation response of the year's growth season, while the old trees are more sensitive to climate change at the end of the last year's growth season. The age of the sample contained in the annual table is different, and its response to climate change is also different, and the age span of the sample contained in the annual table is large, it is easy to mask the characteristics of the different age trees to the external climate change reaction. The altitude gradient has an important influence on the relationship between the radial growth of the five-needle pine in South China and the climatic factors. At the low altitude of the lower limit of the forest, the radial growth of the trees is affected by the growth season temperature and the precipitation of the year, but in comparison, the rainfall is mainly affected by the precipitation, and the sufficient precipitation in the growing season is favorable for the growth of the trees, and the temperature is high and the formation of the narrow wheels is easy. With the increase of altitude, the effect of temperature on the growth of trees is enhanced, and the effect of precipitation on the growth of trees is weakened. In the middle and high altitude, the effect of precipitation is mainly from the fall of the previous year. The sufficient precipitation is favorable to the formation of the wide wheel, and the high temperature of the growing season is unfavorable to the growth of the trees. At the upper forest limit of high altitude, the growth of the trees is affected by the temperature and the precipitation of the year, but is mainly influenced by the temperature, the temperature of the growth season is higher than the formation of the wide wheel, and the growing season of the precipitation is easy to form a narrow wheel. The effect of latitude on the relationship between the radial growth of masson pine and the climatic factors is different. the radial growth in the northern region is mainly affected by the temperature of the winter and the summer, and the increase of the temperature in the winter and the summer promotes the radial growth of the masson massoniana; the radial growth of the masson pine in the central region is mainly influenced by the temperature of the winter and the summer, and the rise of the temperature in the winter promotes the radial growth of the masson pine, But the rise of summer temperature can restrain the radial growth of masson pine to a certain extent, the radial growth of masson pine in the south is mainly affected by the summer temperature, and the increase of the summer temperature inhibits the growth of the masson pine. The effect of precipitation on the radial growth of Pinus massoniana is related only to the southern region, and the radial growth of the masson pine in the central region is related to the precipitation in October of the previous year. In the early 1940s, the climate was mainly cold, with the lowest temperature in May-July was 1892,1952 and 1845, and the highest temperature in three years was 2007,2005 and 1988. The 11-year sliding average was carried out on the reconstruction sequence, and in the early 1940s, the climate was mainly cold, and the reconstructed temperature series had four distinct cold periods (1840-1866,1879-1902,1914-1924,1932-1940), and three distinct warm periods (1869-1877,1905-1913 and 1925-1930). In the late 1990s, there was a marked increase in temperature. The results of the simulation and reconstruction of the mean temperature in the middle part of the mountainous area of the Nanling Mountains show that the temperature changes over the past 120 years, in which the lowest three years in the period of 2 to March were 1957,1945 and 1893, while the highest temperature was in 2007,2002 and 1960. There are three distinct cold periods (1892-1906,1918-1922,1944-1957) and 3 distinct warm periods (1909-1917,1959-1968 and 1998-2010). The results of the simulation and reconstruction of the precipitation from 9 to 10 in the southern part of Nanling Mountain show that in the past 114 years, the lowest three-year rainfall in September to October was 1957,1945 and 1893, and the three years of precipitation were in 2007,2002 and 1960. The reconstruction sequence is subjected to 11-year sliding average, and the reconstructed precipitation sequence has three partial dry periods (1913-1921,1941-1968,1978-1988) and 4 wet periods (1897-1912,1922-1940,1969-1977,1989-2010). The mean value of the mean value appears in 1922 with a value of 152.7 mm from the mean of the precipitation-off-wet period; the minimum value of the mean value appears in 1961, with a value of 97.5 mm, from the average of the precipitation-off period. The longest wet period was 1922-1940 and lasted for 19 years; and the longest dry period was 1941-1968 and lasted for 28 years.
【学位授予单位】：中南林业科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S718.5

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