新合成玉米与大刍草近异源多倍体早期世代的性状和遗传变异及利用

发布时间：2022-12-23 05:55

　　多倍体生物往往表现出比二倍体更高的基因组异质化和等位基因的多样性,具有更强的遗传可塑性和更好的生理适应性,因此长期以来多倍体创制与遗传育种一直是加大遗传变异,改良性状的重要手段之一。如果通过远缘杂交或物理与化学方法,成功创制出所需性状的多倍体后代,并且其两性可育,则可以通过自交繁衍形成遗传变异逐步稳定的新品系,将对多倍体的合成、生物进化、遗传与育种方面研究具有重要作用。现有的多倍染色体组物种,都是在长期的淘汰过程中形成的,在机能上是协调的。可是,当将不同物种或不同染色体组进行组合、重复、消减和取代创制出新染色体组材料时,一般来说,早期的适应值会较差,但通过系统改良也会形成机能上协调的物种。因此,尝试创制合成新染色体组材料及其形成早期过程中的遗传变异规律研究,对阐述多倍体的合成、形成规律和遗传变异特性具有重要意义,同时也为揭示创制合成新异源多倍体试验及其基因组稳定性进化研究提供范例。本实验室利用玉米、四倍体多年生类玉米（Z.perennis）和指状摩擦禾（T.dactyloides）合成了近异源六倍体三元杂种,将其与二倍体玉米回交合成BC1,在BC1的群体中发现一株植株（BC1-31）两... 

【文章页数】：168 页

【学位级别】：博士

【文章目录】：
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
List of Abbreviations
ABSTRACT
摘要
1 CHAPTER REVIEW OF LITERATURE
    1.1 IMPORTANCE OF POLYPLOIDY
    1.2 POLYPLOIDY AND ITS TYPES
    1.3 METHODS OF POLYPLOIDY INDUCTION
        1.3.1 Somatic cell doubling
        1.3.2 Apomixis
    1.4 ALLOPOLYPLOIDS AND SPECIATION
    1.5 EVOLUTION OF ALLOPOLYPLOIDS
    1.6 PHENOTYPIC VARIATIONS IN ALLOPOLYPLOIDS
    1.7 ALLOPOLYPLOIDY INDUCED CHROMOSOMAL VARIATION
    1.8 MITOSIS
    1.9 MEIOSIS
    1.10 ALLOPOLYPLOIDY INDUCED CHROMOSOMAL CHANGES AND SPECIATION
    1.11 GENOMIC FRAGMENTS INHERITANCE IN POLYPLOIDS
        1.11.1 Faithful Fragment inheritance in polyploids
        1.11.2 Missing fragments
    1.12 THE FATE OF DUPLICATED GENES IN POLYPLOIDS
    1.13 DUPLICATED GENES EXPRESSION AND DIFFERENTIATION
    1.14 RIBOSOMAL DNA AND INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER(ITS)
    1.15 APPLICATION OF POLYPLOIDY
    1.16 POLYPLOIDY,HETEROSIS AND MAIZE
    1.17 ALLOTETRAPLOIDIZATION IN MAIZE
    1.18 WILD RELATIVES OF MAIZE AND WIDE-HYBRIDIZATION
2 CHAPTER GENOME EVOLUTION,CHROMOSOME COMPOSITION,AND PHENOTYPIC EFFECTS OF NASCENT NEAR-ALLOTETRAPLOID
    2.1 INTRODUCTION
    2.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
        2.2.1 Plant materials
        2.2.2 Phenotypic characters measurement
        2.2.3 Meiotic observation in pollen mother cells(PMCs)
        2.2.4 Mitotic chromosome
        2.2.5 Extraction of genomic DNA
        2.2.6 Genomic in situ hybridization
        2.2.7 Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization(FISH)
        2.2.8 Chromosome analysis
    2.3 RESULTS
        2.3.1 Creation of plant material(S0-S7)
        2.3.2 Phenotypic of plant materials
        2.3.3 Comparative analysis of newly synthesis allotetraploid maize with Shaver's allotetraploid
        2.3.4 Chromosome number and chromosome compositions of nascent near-allotetraploids (S1-S6)
        2.3.5 Chromosome composition of Shaver’s allotetraploid
        2.3.6 Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) and evolution of rDNA in nascent near-allotetraploids
        2.3.7 Meiosis in Pollen mother cell (PMC) of synthesized near-allotetraploids
    2.4 DISCUSSION
        2.4.1 Synthetic nascent-allopolyploid maize and its parental species are the model systems for studying the evolution of polyploids
        2.4.2 Numerical chromosome changes in nascent near-allotetraploid
        2.4.3 Sub-genomic chromosome stability in nascent near-allotetraploid
        2.4.4 Chromosomal rearrangements in synthesized allotetraploids
        2.4.5 Transfer of exogenous chromosomes and chromosome segments
        2.4.6 Pollen fertility and seed setting in nascent near-allotetraploid
        2.4.7 Phenotypes of nascent near-allotetraploids
        2.4.8 Prospect and application of nascent near-allotetraploids
    2.5 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
3 CHAPTER GENETIC CHANGES AND GENOME EVOLUTION OF NASCENT NEAR-ALLOTETRAPLOID
    3.1 INTRODUCTION
    3.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
        3.2.1 Plant materials Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism(AFLP)
        3.2.2 Plant material for ITS sequences analysis
        3.2.3 DNA isolation
        3.2.4 AFLP analysis
        3.2.5 Internal transcribed spacer(ITS)direct sequencing
    3.3 RESULTS
        3.3.1 AFLP Analysis
        3.3.2 ITS sequences analysis of parents and allopolyploids
    3.4 DISCUSSION
        3.4.1 Time span for genomic variations in allotetraploid maize
        3.4.2 Sequences changes were nonrandom in allotetraploid maize
        3.4.3 Sequence variation after allopolyploidization and internal transcribed spacer(ITS)
        3.4.4 Allopolyploidization and ITS sequence evolution
        3.4.5 Co-evolution of ITS sequences in polyploidy
4 CHAPTER POLYPLOID MAIZE BREEDING UTILIZATION OF NASCENT NEAR-ALLOTETRAPLOID
    4.1 INTRODUCTION
    4.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
        4.2.1 Plant material
        4.2.2 Phenotypic measurements
        4.2.3 Chlorophyll contents and Biomass
        4.2.4 Heterosis estimation
        4.2.5 Assessment of nutritional traits and Vitamin A of grains of allotetraploid hybrids
        4.2.6 Cytogenetic observations
    4.3 RESULTS
        4.3.1 Heterosis in allotetraploid hybrids
        4.3.2 Genomic compositions of allotetraploid hybrids
        4.3.3 Meiosis in pollen mother cell(PMC)of allotetraploid hybrids
        4.3.4 ANOVA for allotetraploid hybrids performance for nutrition,yield components and seed yield/plant
        4.3.5 Assessment of Vitamin A
    4.4 DISCUSSION
        4.4.1 Heterosis in allotetraploid hybrids
        4.4.2 Distinct genomes hybridization and success for fitness
        4.4.3 The nutritional components in allotetraploid maize and heterosis in seed yield
        4.4.4 Response to vitamin A contents in allotetraploid maize hybrids
    4.5 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
5 REFERENCES
6 PUBLICATIONS


【参考文献】：
期刊论文
[1]植物远缘杂交中的染色体行为及其遗传与进化意义[J]. 李再云,华玉伟,葛贤宏,徐传远.  遗传. 2005(02)



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