楚国神灵信仰与祭祀若干问题考论
发布时间：2018-01-17 16:26
本文关键词：楚国神灵信仰与祭祀若干问题考论 出处：《西北大学》2016年博士论文 论文类型：学位论文
【摘要】：楚人“信鬼好祠”,祭祀在楚国的国家政治活动、民众的社会日常生活中占有举足轻重的地位。本文以出土的楚系简帛文献为主,结合传世文献,对楚国的鬼神信仰与祭祀相关的若干问题,包括鬼神崇拜、祭祀礼仪、祭祀供献进行研究。古史传说中的颛顼就是高阳,祝融为炎帝之佐,重黎、吴回、陆终因担任火正一职而有“祝融”的尊号,这些古史传说人物都具有日神的神格。楚人日神崇拜的演变经历了“民神杂糅”、“绝地天通”两个阶段,以炎帝、颛顼、祝融为日神是英雄、祖先崇拜与太阳崇拜相结合的产物,是人神合一的日神崇拜；以东君为日神是单纯对太阳本身的崇拜,主要表现在拜日的祭祀仪式上。楚人日神崇拜的演变与楚族的生存发展联系紧密,信仰的演变往往受到某种现实诉求的影响。至于楚人的“太一”信仰,本文考察出土材料中有关“太一”文本的地域、年代,并结合《诅楚文》及秦楚蓝田之战的史实,推断楚地至晚在战国早中期就已有“太一”信仰,而秦地的“太一”信仰可能源自楚地。梳理《太一生水》中“太一”与“道”、“太一”与水的关系,认为战国楚地“太一”的神学、哲学、数术三重涵义间具有密切的内在联系。从创世神话的角度探讨太一与伏羲的关系,认为“东皇太一”即伏羲。至于楚人的“司”神系统,本文指出《九歌》中的司命与楚简司命职司虽然相同,但神格却各有归属：前者为天神,后者属地祗,这说明战国楚地司命正处于神格的转化期,同时也可窥见楚神祗系统整合之一斑；楚简中其它“司”神的职掌大都与生命有或多或少的关联,均可视作司命的佐神：其它“司”神以司命为中心各司其职,分工明确,反映出楚人对生命的关注。楚地“五祀”群小神至晚在战国早中期就已形成相对固定的组合系统,“五祀”之中,楚人更加侧重对门、户、行的祭祷；与周礼祀典不同,楚地的“五祀”为上下之通祀,其用牲亦没有等级上的差别,楚人更注重的是“五祀”诸神与祭牲的搭配。关于祭祷礼仪,主要以楚简中的祭祷用语为研究对象,结合传世文献,对它们进行分类疏理,并一一作考辨,认为楚人的祭祷礼仪主要以周礼为范本,是在借鉴周人祭礼的基础上增减损益的产物,其中最明显之处就是楚人往往将某些特定祭礼的祭祀对象泛化,如厌祭、宜祭、尝祭等。关于楚人的祭祀供献制度,主要以楚简为中心进行探讨：其一,祭祀用牲方面,楚人贵纯、尚驿、贵牡、贵辁肥；“六牲”之中不见用鸡,犬只用白犬；大牢、荆牢,仅封君以上的等级祭祀先祖时才能使用。其二,祭祀用玉方面,“佩玉”、“佩璧”、“玉玩”的使用,说明楚人祭祀用玉的世俗化,反映祭祀观念由尚质到贵文的转变；楚人祭祀很少用圭,与周人祭祀以圭、璧为大宗不符；祭祀用玉有等级之别,只有封君以上等级才能用璧,封君至庶人均可用环；用玉之法“婴”是指将玉器置放于缫藉上以祀神。其三,只有封君以上等级才能用车或车马祭祀鬼神,大夫以上等级则可用马；其他祭品还有酒食、衣冠。总体看来,楚人的祭祀供献制度与周制大同小异。关于祭祀用乐及相关的祭祀仪式,本文认为以乐舞娱神是楚人祭祀的惯用手段,楚简“乐之”有奏乐娱神降神之意,“搯钟”即歌钟,“延钟”即行钟；新蔡简“乐之”为下神,“百之”为歆神,“赣之”为荐馔,三个环节正好构成祭祀礼仪中前后相接的基本程式。
[Abstract]:The people of Chu "believe in ghosts, good temple worship in the national political activities of the state of Chu, plays a very important role in people's social life. Chu bamboo slips unearthed in the literature, combined with literature handed down in the state of Chu, belief and ritual related issues, including the ghost worship, sacrificial rites, offer study for the worship of ancient legends. Zhuanxu Gaoyang is, for the heavy Vulcan Yan Zuo, Li, Wu Hui Lu served as the post of the end result of fire and the" Vulcan "appellation, these ancient legends characters have the Godhead. Apollo Chu people worship the sun god evolution experienced" the people of God, "hybridity" Jedi through two stages, the Yan Emperor, he is a hero for Zhuanxu, Vulcan, ancestor worship and the worship of the sun product combination, is the unity of God God worship; God is pure with Dong Jun as the sun itself mainly in worship, worship Ritual on the survival and development of Chu people. Sun worship evolution and Chu family closely, influence the evolution of beliefs tend to be a reality. As for the Chu people's beliefs about "the one", "too much of a text area, in the unearthed materials, and combined with the" Curse of Chu Wen "the battle of Lantian and Qin Chu Chu to infer the historical facts in the Warring States period early middle had been" too much of a "belief, and Qin" too "faith can be Chu. Combing life too much water in < >" one "and" road "," too much of a relationship with the water "the Warring States Chu believes that" too much of a "theology, philosophy, has a close relationship between the three aspects of its relationship with Fu Xi too. From the angle of creation myth, that" Donghuang Taiyi ". As for Fu Xi Chu" our God "system, this paper points out that" life and the bamboo slips in Siming nine > Persons are the same, but the Godhead are all belong to God: the former, the latter indicating that territorial gods, the Warring States Chu is in the transformation period of life but also the Godhead, glimpse Chu gods system integration; "our" God Chu Jian in charge are associated with more or less and life. Can be regarded as God: "other banners with our God to life as the center to carry out their duties, clear division of labor, reflecting the concerns of life. The people of Chu Chu" five worship group godling late in the early and middle Warring States has formed a relatively fixed combination system, "five worship", Chu people focus more on the door for the prayer, households, and different; Zhou sidian, Chu "five worship" is on the way with no sacrifice, the sacrifice class, Chu people pay more attention to the "five collocation worship gods and sacrifice. A prayer ritual, mainly by Chu Jian in prayer. 涓虹爺绌跺璞，
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