时空交互模式下时间维度客体注意的加工机制

发布时间：2018-01-18 11:01

本文关键词：时空交互模式下时间维度客体注意的加工机制　出处：《陕西师范大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：客体注意(object-based attention)是指在与空间线索距离相等的条件下,个体对出现在与线索相同客体中比出现在与线索不同客体中的目标探测得更快更准。以往关于客体注意的研究大多只停留在空间维度,De Freitas,Liverence和Scholl(2014)首次提出也存在时间维度的客体注意。他们以听觉呈现的标准音律节奏为时间序列客体,使线索到客体内目标和线索到客体间目标的时间间隔相等,结果发现,相较于线索和目标出现在不同节奏乐句中,出现在相同节奏乐句中时,被试对目标的探测更快。尽管De Freitas等(2014)发现了时间维度客体注意,但仍有一系列问题需要解决。首先,De Freitas等人所使用的听觉韵律刺激具有特殊性,无法说明时间维度客体注意的普遍存在及其成因。一方面,视觉通道下是否同样存在时间维度客体注意效应?另一方面,Jones(1976)早年曾提出一个预期时间窗理论来解释序列规则引导注意分配的内部机制,那么时间维度客体注意是否也可以从预期时间窗的角度加以理解?其次,前人研究证明时间和空间注意的作用机制是独立的,至少是部分独立的。那么时间维度自上而下和自下而上客体之间的交互作用与空间维度相比有何异同?再次,前人关于时空注意的研究都只考察了时空一致的情况,没有考察冲突情况。且客体注意领域的研究都是基于单一空间维度或单一时间维度,并未考察多维交互模式这种日常更多见情况下客体注意的加工特点,即时空客体在同时影响目标时的作用机制是独立的还是部分重叠的?本研究通过操纵叠加和冲突条件,包括时间和空间维度的叠加与冲突,时间维度中自上而下和自下而上客体的叠加和冲突,考察客体注意效应的表现模式,从而揭示时空交互模式下时间维度客体注意的加工机制。本文包括三个研究十个实验。研究一主要证明在视觉通道下时间维度客体注意的存在;研究二探讨时间维度中自上而下和自下而上客体的交互关系模式;研究三进一步考察时间和空间维度客体注意的加工究竟是如何交互作用的。具体来说,研究一通过对De Freitas等(2014)的时间范式进行改造,研究视觉通道下能否产生时间维度的客体注意效应以及时间维度下能否产生自上而下和自下而上两种类型的客体注意效应。实验一使用颜色客体顺次呈现,发现视觉通道下自下而上客体确实能够在时间维度上引导注意分配,只是这种客体效应被一种反向的被试预期效应所抵消。实验二在实验一颜色客体的基础上加入形状客体,使两种自下而上客体相叠加,结果发现表征增强后出现了显著的自下而上客体效应。实验三使用顺次呈现的汉语四字词为客体材料,发现视觉通道下自上而下客体确实能够在时间维度上引导注意分配,但与实验一相同,这种较弱的客体效应被被试预期效应所覆盖。实验四在实验三的基础上,使用熟悉性较高的四字词,结果出现了显著的自上而下客体效应。研究二考察时间维度中自上而下和自下而上客体在一致和不一致条件下引导注意时的交互作用模式。实验五和实验六分别在高、低客体表征强度下将自上而下和自下而上客体在呈现时间上排列为一致。实验五的结果发现在低表征条件下自上而下和自下而上客体效应可以叠加,一致条件下的客体效应量显著大于单独自上而下和单独自下而上客体条件。实验六的结果发现高表征条件下两种类型客体效应不能叠加。实验七和实验八分别在高、低客体表征强度下将自上而下和自下而上客体在呈现时间上排列为不一致。实验七的结果发现在低表征条件下自上而下客体可以干扰自下而上客体的加工,但自下而上客体不影响自上而下客体的加工。实验八的结果发现在高表征条件下两种类型客体都不能产生明显的相互干扰,提示自上而下的客体并不能在任何条件下对自下而上客体产生干扰;进一步将实验七中自下而上客体表征强度提高之后,低表征强度自上而下客体也不再干扰自下而上客体的加工。研究三在同时包含时间维度和空间维度客体的情况下,通过操纵时空一致和时空不一致两种条件考察两种维度客体注意的加工究竟是如何交互作用的。实验九发现在外周呈现刺激的条件下仍然能够出现类似于先前研究中所观察到的时间维度客体注意效应。实验十发现当时间和空间维度客体效应同时作用于目标时,短的SOA条件下只出现了空间维度客体效应,随着SOA的延长时间维度客体效应出现,在400 ms SOA条件下两种维度客体共同发挥作用,而600 ms SOA条件下时间维度客体完全掩盖了空间维度客体而单独存在。综合研究一、研究二和研究三的实验结果,本研究得出以下几点结论:1.视觉通道也能像听觉通道一样产生时间维度的客体效应,且自下而上和自上而下客体都能在表征足够强的情况下引导注意分配。2.当时间维度自上而下和自下而上客体作用方向一致时,与空间维度的结果不一致,两种客体引发的客体效应具有可叠加性,但叠加不是无止境的。当两种客体作用方向不一致时,与空间维度一样,竞争结果取决于两种客体表征强度的对比。3.在时间维度和空间维度客体共存的条件下,空间维度客体注意主要作用于早期加工阶段,时间维度客体注意主要作用于晚期加工阶段,两者在SOA为400 ms时有部分重叠。4.时间维度客体注意的结果不能用空间维度客体注意的理论加以解释,也不能仅以预期时间窗单独解释,而是个体将内部时间窗与外部驱动规则动态匹配的结果,外部规则的驱动性受客体表征强度的调节,表征强度越强驱动性越大,内部时间窗与其相匹配的准确性就越高,分配的注意资源就会越多,进而越容易产生客体注意效应。
[Abstract]:The object of attention (object-based attention) refers to the distance and spatial cues under the condition of the same individual, to appear in the same object and clue faster than appears in different clues in the object detection more accurate. The past research on the object of attention of most only stay in the space dimension, De Freitas, Liverence and Scholl (2014) first proposed the object has a time dimension. The rhythm of music to their standard auditory presentation for the time series of clues to the object, make object and target in the trail to the target object with equal time interval, the results show that, compared to the cue and target appears in different rhythm phrase, phrases appear in the same rhythm when tested on the target detection faster. Although De Freitas (2014) found that the time dimension object of attention, but there are still a series of problems to be solved. First, using the De Freitas and other people to listen to Sleep rhythm stimulation is special, can not explain the common causes and time dimension of object attention. On the one hand, there are also visual attention effect time dimension object? On the other hand, Jones (1976) in the early years presented an expected time window theory to explain the internal mechanism of distribution sequence rules to guide attention, so pay attention to whether the time dimension object can also be understood from the expected time window view? Secondly, the previous study that the mechanism of time and space that is independent, at least in part independent. So interaction between time and space dimension dimension of top-down and bottom-up object compared the similarities and differences? Again, study on the spatial temporal attention the former only review the coherence of time and space, did not examine the conflict. And the research object attention are based on a single space or single A time dimension, did not look to see more of this daily multidimensional interaction pattern processing characteristics of case object attention, that is mechanism of temporal object influence while the target is independent or partially overlapped? This study by manipulating the superposition and conflict conditions, including the superposition and conflict of time and space dimensions, superposition and top-down and conflict from the time dimension of the object, the object of attention effect the performance of models, so as to reveal the processing mechanism of space-time interaction mode time dimension object attention. This paper includes three of ten experiments. The main research in visual attention time dimension object; study two to investigate the interaction between top-down and bottom-up object model in the dimension of time; the three further inspected the processing time and space dimension object attention is how to interact . specifically, a study by De Freitas (2014) time paradigm transformation, the object can produce time dimension of visual attention object can produce two types of top-down and bottom-up effect and time dimension under the effect of attention. The experiment using a color object are presented, found under the bottom-up visual channel the object can in the time dimension to guide the distribution of attention, but this effect is the object of a reverse test was offset by the expected effect. Experiment two based on experimental object color added on the shape of the object, the two object of bottom-up superposition, the characterization of enhanced after the emergence of a significant effect. The bottom-up object the use of three sequentially presented four character Chinese words as the object material, found that visual object can indeed guide from top to bottom in the dimension of time The distribution of attention, but with the same as the experimental one, the object is weak effect of the subjects covered in Experiment four. The expected effect on the basis of experiment three, familiar with the use of high four words, resulting in a top-down effect. The object of study two examines the time dimension and self object interaction and bottom-up guidance note that when the model in consistent and inconsistent conditions. Experiment five and six respectively in the high, the top-down and bottom-up object arrangement is consistent in present time low object representation strength. The results of experiment five found at the top of low conditions and characterization of bottom-up object effect can be superimposed, volume effect under the condition of uniform object alone alone was significantly greater than the top-down and bottom-up object conditions. Results of the six experiments showed that two kinds of high representation object types not superimposed. The experimental effect Seven and eight respectively in the experiment, the top-down and bottom-up object in the present time are not consistent with low intensity object representation. Results of seven experiments showed that the processing object in the characterization of low interference under the condition of bottom-up top-down object, but the object does not affect the processing of top-down bottom-up object. Eight experimental results found in characterization under the condition of two types of objects are not interfere significantly, suggesting that the top-down object does not interfere with the bottom-up object under any conditions; after further experiments to improve seven bottom-up representations of objects strength, low strength is no longer the object characterization of top-down bottom-up processing interference object. Three in the study also contains the dimension of time and space the dimension of the object case, by manipulating the temporal consistency and time-space inconsistency two conditions Whether the two dimensions of object attention processing is how to interact. Experiment nine stimulus conditions can still appear similar to the time dimension object in the previous study observed the effect of attention in the periphery. Experiment ten found that when the dimension of time and space effect when applied to the target object with short, SOA only there is a spatial dimension object effect, with the time dimension of object SOA effect, together play a role in the two under 400 ms SOA and 600 ms SOA dimension object, under the conditions of the time dimension object completely cover the space dimension object alone. A comprehensive study, research and research results of the three two in this study, the following conclusions: 1. the effect of visual object channel can also produce the same time dimension as auditory channel, and the bottom-up and top-down object can be characterized in enough Under the condition of strong guidance of attention distribution.2. when the time dimension of top-down and bottom-up object direction, and the dimension of the inconsistent results. The effect of two kinds of object by object with stacking, but superposition is not endless. When the two object direction is inconsistent with the same spatial dimension, compared to.3. the competition result depends on two kinds of representations of objects strength coexist in the dimension of time and space object conditions, the spatial dimension object attention a major role in the early stage, the time dimension of object attention a major role in the late stage, both in the SOA 400 ms overlap.4. time dimension object attention results cannot pay attention to with the dimension of space object theory to explain, not only to the expected time window alone explain, but individual internal and external driving time window dynamic matching rules As a result, the driving force of external rule is regulated by the intensity of object representation. The stronger the intensity of representation, the greater the driving force. The higher the accuracy of the internal time window, the more attention resources will be allocated.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B842.3

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