道德出场与利益消解—马克思主义道德观研究

发布时间：2018-03-24 23:32

  本文选题：道德　切入点：利益消解　出处：《吉林大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：“道德出场”是指马克思主义道德观的实现;“利益的消解”,不是指非利益化或去利益化,而是不把利益的获得当作核心目标追求的社会状态。这就是马克思主义辩证批判性道德观所形成的“人类社会”,(1)即人的“类本质”——共产主义实现的社会状态。马克思主义道德出场一定是消解利益,但利益的消解不一定就是因为马克思主义道德出场。道德源于人类对理性天性的理解,道德就是人类理性能力的实现。所以,必然有两种直接对立的道德观:其一,理性指向人的感觉与心理,获得人类必须现实的幸福与快乐,这种利益道德行为,我们称之为描述性道德观;其二,理性排除感觉和心理,指向理性自身,实现纯粹理性道德原则,我们称之为规范性道德观。描述性道德观是对人类自然行为,即自愿行为何以可能的外在描述。它是文艺复兴运动,尤其是理性启蒙运动以后才取得合法性的道德观。理性在排除感觉和心理追求时的纯粹理性活动,作为道德实践,必然是以直觉命令的方式获得道德规范,这就是规范性道德的原由。利益追求,作为感觉与心理的幸福满足是以经济方式实现出来的。在古代社会,利益追求除了斯多亚学派之外,几乎没有获得道德上的合法地位。只有到了近代文艺复兴,尤其是启蒙运动过程中,利益追求合法性被“古典自由主义”思想家们所极力论证和推崇,形成了迄今为止的现代性。当然,近代思想家们同样也在延续了、并在新的基础上论证规范性道德的合理性,批判利益追求的“古典自由主义”。这种批判主要是由德国古典哲学思想家们所倡导和揭露。马克思主义在继承和批判黑格尔辩证法基础上,开创了辩证批判的道德观。(2)马克思主义认为,人类历史的第一个无条件的前提是人类的基本生活需要,它同样也是“人类社会”的无条件的前提。辩证批判性道德观,即马克思主义道德观,既不否认利益占有(与规范性道德观相异),但绝对不止于利益的占有(与描述性道德观不同)。它是对任何现实保持否定与批判的立场,因而是实践思维方式与生活方式的实现。惟其如此,辩证批判道德观的实现就是马克思主义“人类社会”的实现。从马克思主义“人类社会”的实现过程来看,辩证批判的道德观是建立在对国家、法的批判基础上,进行宗教批判、展开国民经济学的批判,进而批判资本主义生产方式所导致的人的异化。辩证批判的道德观对宗教的批判,确立了作为“类存在”的人;对资本主义社会结构的批判,确立了现实的人;对以往一切历史的批判,确立了发展着的人;辩证批判的道德自我实现,确立了实践(辩证法)主体意义上的人——最终确立了自由而全面发展的人。在辩证批判道德观所形成的社会里,国家就会随之“非政治化”而消亡。于是,“人类社会”对人显现着它的存在。本文共六章,各章内容简介如下:第一章,绪论,介绍本文研究背景,研究的理论意义与现实意义,国内外研究现状,研究方法,研究内容的创新与不足之处。第二章,从思维方式角度论述马克思主义辩证批判性是建立在否定性、辩证的、批判的和实践的基础上的历史过程。也是人的“类本质”自我展开、自我澄明的过程。它是人类道德形态的终结,开启了人类道德实践的本性,发现了“人类社会”自我否定的文明史。第三章,从社会生活方式的角度批判了“市民社会”的思维方式、生活方式和道德模式,论证了马克思主义道德观即辩证批判性道德观是人的“类本质”的实现。第四章,从生存需要的角度论证利益是人类生存活动的基本需要,也是社会历史的基本前提,但是,利益一旦成为社会的核心和生活追求的目标时,就会变成人类社会的异化物。“人类社会”对任何现实性在肯定基础上进行着否定性的理解,因而人的“类本质”才能够在实践中创造世界的同时,人创造着自身。第五章,从“人类社会”自我显现方式论述“人类社会”是人的自由本性通过否定性和实践过程而逐步展开的。平等的交往是“人类社会”的基本形态,它是以个体自我创造和差异性展现出来的,这正是人的“类本质”在“人类社会”中的自我实现。第六章,从辩证批判道德观的未来指向。马克思主义辩证批判道德观所表达的“人类社会”就是共产主义。现代资本主义世界所产生的诸如人性异化、阶级分裂、科技专制、认同危机、生态危机等危及人类生存、生活和发展问题,需要“人类社会”从思维方式、生存方式和生活方式上改变现存的一切。
[Abstract]:"Moral appearance" refers to Marx to realize the moral values; "the interests of the digestion", does not refer to non benefits or to the interests of, but not to benefit as the core goal of the social state. This is Marx's dialectical critical moral values formed by the "human society", (1): "nature" -- the social status of the realization of communism. Marx's moral appearance is digestion interests, but the interests of the digestion is not necessarily because of Marx's moral appearance. Morality originates from human nature rational understanding of the realization of morality is the human rational ability. Therefore, there must be two in direct opposition to the moral view: first, rational and human psychological sense, human beings must get real happiness and joy, the interests of moral behavior, we call descriptive ethics; second, reason and feeling excluded Psychological, to reason, to realize the moral principles of pure reason, we called normative morality. Morality is the descriptive natural human behavior, namely voluntary behavior may describe how external. It is the Renaissance, especially after the enlightenment to the legitimacy of morality. In the exclusion of feeling and rational the psychological pursuit of pure reason, as a moral practice, it is a way to get the intuitive command of moral norms, this is the reason of moral norms. The pursuit of interests, as the feeling and mental happiness is to meet the economic way out. In ancient society, the pursuit of interests in addition to Stoicism, almost no gain the legal status of morality. Only to the modern renaissance, especially the enlightenment process, interests of the pursuit of legitimacy is "classical liberal thinkers" strongly on Permit and esteem, formation of modernity so far. Of course, modern thinkers also continued, and demonstrates the rationality of moral norms on the basis of the new criticism, the interests of the pursuit of "classical liberalism". This criticism is mainly composed of German classical philosophy thinkers advocated and the Marx doctrine in the disclosure. Based on inheriting and criticizing Hagel's dialectics, a dialectical criticism of morality. Marx (2) holds that the first unconditional premise of human history is the basic needs, it is also a "human society" unqualified dialectical ethics is critical, Marx's morals. We don't deny that the interests of possession (and normative moral values, but the absolute dissimilarity) occupies more than interests (unlike descriptive ethics). It is to keep the position and negative criticism of any reality, so it is The practical way of thinking and way of life. Only in this way, realize the implementation of dialectical criticism morality is the Marx doctrine of "human society". From the implementation process of Marx's "human society", dialectical criticism of morality is based on national law, criticism on the basis of religious criticism, criticism National economics, alienation and criticizing the capitalist mode of production caused by the people. The moral critique of dialectical criticism on religion, established as "existence"; critique of capitalist social structure, established the reality of the people; for all previous historical criticism, established the development of a person; dialectical critique of moral self realization, the establishment of practice (dialectic) subject who eventually established the all-round development of people. In the moral formation of dialectical criticism of society, state Will follow the "non political" and die. Therefore, "human society" shows its existence to people. This paper consists of six chapters, the brief introduction of each chapter is as follows: the first chapter, introduction, introduces the research background, theoretical significance and practical significance of the research, research status, research methods, innovation and the shortcomings in the research content. The second chapter, from the perspective of Marx's dialectical thinking mode is based on negative criticism, dialectic, historical process and Practice on the basis of criticizing. Is the essence of "people" self expansion, self clear. It is the end of human morality form, open the human the moral nature of practice, found that the "human society" civilization of self denial. In the third chapter, from the angle of social life style criticism of the "civil society" way of thinking, life style and moral model, demonstrates the main Marx The meaning of moral values is the dialectical critical morality is the essence of "people". In the fourth chapter, from the perspective of the survival needs to demonstrate benefit is the basic need of human activities, is the basic premise of social history, but once the interests become the social goal of core and life, alienation of human society will become. The "human society" to any reality in certain on the basis of a negative understanding of the essence of "people" to create the world at the same time, in practice, people create their own. In the fifth chapter, from the "human society" self presentation on "human society" is the freedom of the people the nature of negativity and practice gradually. Equal communication is the basic form of human society, it is the individual self creation and the difference of the show, this is the "person in this matter" "Human society" s self realization. In the sixth chapter, from the view of the future direction of moral dialectical criticism. Marx's dialectical criticism moral expression of "human society" is communism. Modern capitalist world has produced such as the alienation of human nature, class division, science and technology system, identity crisis, ecological crisis is endangering the survival of mankind problems, life and development, need to "human society" from the way of thinking, way of life and lifestyle changes all the existing.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B82-02
，

本文编号：1660573