居家老年人人际幸福感研究

发布时间：2018-04-29 10:34

本文选题：居家老年人 + 人际幸福感　；参考：《西南大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：自我国步入老龄化社会以来,面对老年人口规模大,老龄化速度快,未富先老,空巢老人比例过半等特点,如何保障老年人的幸福生活就变成了各级政府及每个家庭必须面对的现实挑战。居家养老能够让老年人在自己熟悉的环境中生活,老年人的生活得以正常化和常态化,居家养老的社区是老年人日常活动及人际关系网络的中心,具有能够将政府、家庭、社会的资源整合在一起的得天独厚的优势。本研究将结合我国老龄化的特点,从我国社会文化和历史背景出发,采用中国化研究的思路,探讨居家老年人的人际幸福感的内涵,编制测量工具,分析居家老年人人际幸福感的特点及影响因素,在此基础上提出提升居家老年人人际幸福感的对策及建议,为提升社区居家老年人的生活质量服务。第一部分是文献综述及问题提出部分。从老龄化与居家养老、幸福感与人际幸福感两个方面进行文献综述。目前对居家老年人的研究存在的问题主要表现在,对影响老年人幸福生活的因素系统分析不够,强调对老年人提供支持的多,探讨老年人社会参与的少。在幸福感研究方面,研究者发现幸福感的内涵存在文化差异,然而,中国文化背景会对居家老年人的人际幸福感产生什么样的影响尚无研究涉及,因此,本研究问题的提出以文化因素对幸福感的影响为切入点,对居家老年人的人际幸福感的内涵及结构进行中国化分析,提出提升居家老年人的人际幸福感在解决居家养老问题时所具有的重要意义。第二部分是居家老年人人际幸福感结构的探索性研究,包括研究一、研究二。中国人的人际幸福感受传统文化的影响所呈现出的特色,集中表现在以“仁”为代表的传统儒家文化中。研究一对基于“仁”的人际幸福感内涵进行了扎根研究。研究对象以《论语》、《礼记》、《孟子》三本儒学经典名著中提到的213次“仁”的人际幸福感内涵,进行自下而上的三层编码,开放式编码,关联编码,直到核心编码形成模型。在模型建构过程中,根据原著对传统“仁”的人际幸福感含义得出初步理论假设,再经过进一步查阅典籍验证假设、修正假设,直至理论饱和。结果显示:基于“仁”的人际幸福感内涵具有修己、安人、人我相通的特点。修己包括关联式编码自立、自尊、自制、有为、温和静安等五个方面的内容;安人由爱人、公正、礼、平治天下、同情心等五个方面的内容组成。人我相通包括内外双修、推己及人两个方面的内容。研究二采用深度访谈法,对居家老年人的人际幸福感进行了质性研究,对居家老年人的人际幸福感指标体系进行了初步建构。个别访谈涉及不同职业经历、不同性别、不同经济水平的老年人27人。质化分析结果发现,居家老年人的人际幸福感主要表现为与人相处时,体验到的人际满意感及人际价值感,社区居家老年人的人际幸福感构成为人际满意感和人际价值感,其中人际满意感来源于亲人、邻里/朋友、社会的支持,人际价值感来源于个人取向、家庭取向、社会取向三个方面的社会参与。居家老年人人际幸福感的结构体现了以修己、安人、人我相通为特征的基于“仁”的人际幸福感内涵。第三部分是居家老年人人际幸福感问卷的编制及信效度检验,包括研究三和研究四。研究三在研究二的基础上初步建立了居家老年人的人际幸福感的理论框架,编制了相应的题项,采取封闭式问卷进行调查,在对预测问卷多次的探索性因素分析后编制出了初测问卷,再对初测问卷进行项目分析与与因素分析,编制出包含2个维度,共9个项目的居家老年人人际幸福感的正式问卷。研究四对居家老年人的人际幸福感正式问卷进行了信效度检验,使用的工具包括总体城市幸福指数问卷、生活满意度量表、情绪lap量表。数据表明:居家老年人的人际幸福感的总体及各维度都具有符合心理测量学要求的信效度水平,量表的内容效度、构念效度、效标效度都较佳,居家老年人人际幸福感问卷能够测到我们的理论构想所期望测到的心理特征。第四部分居家老年人人际幸福感特点分析,包括研究五。研究五采取多因素方差分析系统考查了人口学变量(年龄、性别、健康状况、经济状况)、人际关系变量(婚姻状况、子女情况、每日交往数量)对居家老年人的人际幸福感的影响。研究结果发现,不同的健康状况、经济状况、婚姻状况、子女状况、交往数量居家老年人的人际幸福感差异显著,具体表现在:1.月收入在一千元及以下的被试在总分及人际满意感上的得分显著低于月收入在一千元以上的被试的得分;2.健康状况方面,能完全自理的被试在总分与两个维度上的得分显著高于半自理,需要有人照顾被试的得分;3.在婚姻状况方面,有配偶的被试在总分与两个维度上的得分显著高于丧偶及未婚的被试的得分;4.在子女状况方面,子女在身边的被试在总分及人际满意感得分显著高于子女不在身边的被试的得分;5.在每日交往数量方面,平均每天与4-10人以上的人说过话的被试在总分与两个维度上的得分显著高于平均每天与3人及以下的人说过话的被试的得分。通过分析比较上述的研究结果,研究获得了以下结论:1.本研究初步完成了居家老年人人际幸福感问卷的建构工作,该问卷包含人际满意感及人际价值感两个维度。因素分析证明该问卷的结构较为合理,信效度指标均达到了心理测量学的要求,可以作为居家老年人人际幸福感的测量工具。2.居家老年人的人际幸福感在健康状况、经济状况、婚姻状况、子女情况、交往数量等方面都存在显著差异,不同经济状况、不同健康状况、不同婚姻状况、不同子女状况、不同交往数量的居家老年人在人际幸福感上得分不同。3.居家老年人以人际满意感及人际价值感两个维度为核心的人际关系幸福感符合修己、安人、人我相通为特征的基于“仁”的人际幸福感理论。根据研究结论,我们的政策建议为:1.由于人际幸福感的双向性,以及注重自我修养的特点,加大对低龄和即将进入老年期的人们的自我修养教育,重视提高他们在同情包容、自制有为等方面的能力,增强自我意义感,调整好心态,知足常乐。2.充分发挥老年人的人际关系网络的支持作用,尤其是老年人身边的子女、配偶、社区邻里关系在满足老年人不同需求方面发挥好各自不同的作用,给老年人营造温暖舒适的生活空间。3.提高老年人的社会参与性。不同程度的社会参与都能给社区居家老年人带来人际价值感。小范围的社会参与有个人的修身养性,例如,自我照顾、把生活过得有趣充实;中等程度的社会参有对家庭的贡献,例如,照顾家人;更大范围的社会参与包括与包括那些继续从事自己的本职工作,继续为社会服务的社区居家老年人,拓宽老年人的就业渠道,开发健康、有能力、有意愿参与社会服务的老年人力资源,促进老年人人际价值感的提高。4.在政府投入有限的情况下,应对老年人进行系统地分层,更多地关注低龄、高龄老年人、离婚、丧偶、独居、空巢的老年人、经济状况差、教育水平低的老年人、患有疾病,需要有人照顾的老年人,注重提高他们的幸福感,构建他们的人际交往圈子,在尊重老年人个人的意愿前提下,在数量上确保每天有三人以上的交际量,在质量上注意与不同层面的人交流、接触。本研究的主要创新点在于研究思路立意具有中国化特色,尝试把现代测量学方法与传统文化中的价值结合,发掘出适合理解中国人际幸福感的理论模型。研究方法多元化,具体在数据收集上受用了访谈、文献、社会调查、问卷等,在数据分析上使用了质性、量化多种手段。在中国传统文化背景中提炼出基于“仁”的人际幸福感理论,并通过实证研究获得了居家老年人人际幸福感的内涵结构,编制了居家老年人人际幸福感自评问卷,并对居家老年人的人际幸福感的影响因素及特点进行了分析。但量表的编制是一项长期的工作,今后会随着对中国化的理论发展和居家养老的实践需要,不断修订、完善本问卷,以其中国化取向和简洁实用的鲜明特点,成为幸福感的研究者及居家养老领域的工作者乐于使用的测量工具。
[Abstract]:Since our country has stepped into an aging society, it has become a realistic challenge for all levels of government and every family to face the challenges that the elderly people have to face in their familiar environment in the face of the large scale of the aged, the fast aging, the old age and the half of the empty nest elderly. The life of the elderly is normalization and normalization. The community of the elderly is the center of the daily activities of the elderly and the network of interpersonal relations. It has a unique advantage to integrate the resources of the government, the family and the society. This study will combine the special point of the aging of our country and start from the social culture and historical background of our country. The idea of Chinese research is to discuss the connotation of the interpersonal happiness of the elderly at home, to compile the measurement tools, to analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of the interpersonal happiness of the old people, and to put forward the countermeasures and suggestions to improve the interpersonal happiness of the elderly people. The first part is to improve the quality of life of the elderly people in the community. Literature review and problems are put forward. From two aspects of aging, home care, happiness and interpersonal happiness, the main problems in the study of the elderly are mainly manifested in the lack of systematic analysis of the factors affecting the happy life of the elderly, more support for the elderly, and the discussion of the old people's society. In the study of happiness, the researchers found that there are cultural differences in the connotation of happiness. However, there is no study on the influence of Chinese cultural background on the interpersonal happiness of the elderly. Therefore, this research question is put forward with the influence of cultural factors on the sense of happiness and the old people in the home. The connotation and structure of interpersonal happiness are analyzed in China, and the important significance of improving the interpersonal happiness of the old people in the home is put forward. The second part is the exploratory research on the structure of the interpersonal happiness of the old people, including the research one and the research two. The Chinese people's interpersonal happiness feels the traditional culture. The characteristics of the influence are manifested in the traditional Confucian culture represented by "benevolence". A study of the connotation of interpersonal happiness based on "benevolence" is studied. The research object is from the Analects of Confucius, the book of rites, and the 213 "benevolence" of human happiness mentioned in three classics of Confucius, Mencius, from the bottom to the bottom. Three layers of coding, open coding, association coding, and the formation of the core coding model. In the process of model construction, a preliminary theoretical hypothesis is derived from the original work on the sense of interpersonal happiness of the traditional "Ren", and then the hypothesis is further consulted and the hypothesis is corrected. The result shows that the interpersonal happiness based on "benevolence" is based. The intension of sense has the characteristics of self-improvement, safety and human being. It includes five aspects of related coding, self-reliance, self-respect, self-control, gentle Jingan, and other five aspects of love, justice, courtesy, equitable treatment of the world and compassion, including two aspects of the internal and external repair and the passing of others. Two The deep interview method was used to make a qualitative study on the interpersonal happiness of the elderly people in the home. A preliminary construction of the interpersonal happiness index system of the elderly people was preliminarily constructed. The individual interviews involved 27 people with different career experiences, different sexes and different economic levels. The qualitative analysis results showed that the interpersonal happiness of the elderly was the main sense of happiness. In order to show the interpersonal satisfaction and interpersonal sense of value, the interpersonal happiness structure of the elderly in the community becomes interpersonal satisfaction and interpersonal value sense, in which the interpersonal satisfaction comes from the relatives, the neighbourhood / friends, the social support and the interpersonal sense of value from three aspects of personal orientation, family orientation and social orientation. Social participation. The structure of the interpersonal happiness of the elderly people in the family embodies the connotation of interpersonal happiness based on "benevolence". The third part is the compilation and validity test of the questionnaire about the interpersonal happiness of the elderly, including the study three and the study four. The study three has been established on the basis of the study two. According to the theoretical framework of the interpersonal happiness of the elderly, the corresponding questions were compiled and the closed questionnaire was adopted to investigate. The preliminary questionnaire was compiled after the analysis of the exploratory factors of the questionnaire. Then the project analysis and the analysis of the factors were carried out. The 2 dimensions and 9 items of the old people were made up. Four formal questionnaires were used to test the reliability and validity of the formal questionnaire, including the overall urban happiness index, the life satisfaction scale and the emotional lap scale. The data showed that the overall and all dimensions of the interpersonal happiness of the elderly were in conformity with the psychological measurements. The level of reliability and validity required, the content validity of the scale, the construct validity and the validity validity were all better. The psychological characteristics of our theoretical conception were measured by the interpersonal happiness questionnaire in the elderly. The fourth part of the elderly people's interpersonal happiness was analyzed, including five. The study five adopted the multifactor analysis of variance analysis system. The effects of demographic variables (age, sex, health, economic status), interpersonal variables (marital status, children's situation, daily number of contacts) on the interpersonal happiness of the elderly people were examined. The results showed that different health conditions, economic conditions, marital status, children's status, and the number of contacts were related to the interpersonal happiness of the elderly. In 1. months, the score of the total score and the interpersonal satisfaction was significantly lower than that of the subjects with the monthly income of more than one thousand yuan. 2. health conditions, the total score and the two dimensions were significantly higher than half self-care, and the subjects needed to be taken care of the subjects. 3. in the marital status, the score of the total score and the two dimensions of the spouses was significantly higher than that of the widowed and unmarried subjects; 4. in the children's condition, the score of the total score and the interpersonal satisfaction of the children around the children was significantly higher than that of the children who were not around. 5. in the daily number of contacts, the score was flat. The score of the total score and two dimensions was significantly higher than that of the average person with 3 people and less than 3 people each day. The following conclusions were obtained by analyzing and comparing the results of the above research. 1. this study preliminarily completed the construction of the interpersonal happiness questionnaire for the elderly people in the home. The questionnaire includes two dimensions of interpersonal satisfaction and interpersonal sense of value. Factor analysis proves that the structure of the questionnaire is more reasonable and the reliability and validity indexes have reached the requirements of psychometrics. It can be used as a measuring tool for the interpersonal happiness of the elderly people of the family.2., and the interpersonal happiness of the elderly people in the family is healthy, economic, and marriage. There are significant differences in the situation, the situation of children, the number of contacts, different economic conditions, different health conditions, different marital status, different children's status, and the scores of the elderly people with different number of contacts in the interpersonal happiness. The two dimensions of interpersonal satisfaction and interpersonal value are the core of interpersonal relationship with the two dimensions of interpersonal satisfaction. According to the research conclusions, our policy recommendations are: 1., because of the two-way character of interpersonal happiness and the characteristics of self-cultivation, we should increase the self-cultivation education of the young and the people who are about to enter the old age, and pay more attention to them. Sympathized with tolerance, self-control and other aspects of the ability to enhance the sense of self sense, adjust a good state of mind, happy.2. fully play the role of the old people's interpersonal network support, especially the children around the elderly, spouses, neighborhood relations in the elderly to meet the needs of different needs of the elderly to play different roles, to the elderly to create a different role. The warm and comfortable living space.3. improves the social participation of the elderly. Different levels of social participation can bring the sense of interpersonal value to the elderly in the community. Small social participation has personal cultivation, for example, self care, the fun and fulfilling of life; a medium social contribution to the family, for example, care. Family members; greater social participation, including those who continue to work for their own jobs, continue to serve the community for the elderly, widen the employment channels for the elderly, develop healthy, capable, willing to participate in the social services of the elderly human resources, promote the improvement of the sense of interpersonal value of the elderly.4. in government investment In the case of the old people, they should pay more attention to the elderly, the older and the elderly, the divorced, the widowed, the only living, the empty nest old people, the poor economic situation, the low educated old people, the diseases and the old people who need the care of the people, pay more attention to their happiness, build their interpersonal circle, and respect the old age. On the premise of individual's personal will, the amount of communication is ensured by the quantity of more than three people per day, and the quality of communication and contact with people of different levels. The main innovation of this study is that the research ideas have Chinese characteristics, and try to combine modern surveying methods with the values of traditional culture to find a suitable understanding of China. The theoretical model of interpersonal happiness. The research methods are diversified. In the data collection, interview, literature, social investigation, questionnaire and so on are used. In the data analysis, we use qualitative and quantitative methods. In the traditional Chinese cultural background, we extract the theory of "benevolence" based on "benevolence", and get home old age through empirical research. The connotation structure of human well-being has been compiled, and the self-assessment questionnaire of interpersonal happiness of the elderly people is compiled, and the influencing factors and characteristics of the interpersonal happiness of the elderly people are analyzed. But the compilation of the scale is a long-term work, and the future will be revised with the need of the development of the Chinese theory and the practical needs of the home care for the elderly. The questionnaire, with its Chinese orientation and concise and practical features, has become a measuring tool for the researchers and workers in the field of home care.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B844.4

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