技艺与皇权：清宫造办处的历史研究
发布时间：2018-07-14 12:40
【摘要】：手工技艺是古代社会最主要的技艺表达方式。文章以清宫造办处为研究对象,以技艺社会史为研究视角,采用文献调查法、对比分析法和文献计量法,考证清宫造办处的历史演变,并探讨其历史意义,同时尝试回应清宫造办处所体现的手工技艺属性问题。通过研究,文章得出以下认识：一、清宫造办处是-个在不断完善与发展的历史线索中形成的清代内廷制作机构,是在康熙皇帝指导下围绕养心殿作坊而形成的清代宫廷御制手工技艺部门。清代早期内廷制作存在工部体系与内府体系交替现象,清宫造办处的成立最终实现了内廷制作向内府体系的转变。二、根据清宫造办处各时段承办活计工作量的多寡,将清宫造办处的历史分为成立期、发展期、鼎盛期、守成期、消退期等五个时期。在这些演变历史中,清宫造办处的名称历经“养心殿”、“造办处”、“养心殿造办处”、“内务府造办处”等变化,也相应经历了养心殿、武英殿、养心殿造办处和内务府造办处四阶段。三、清宫造办处的制作网络遍及全国,其作坊分为京内和京外两部分。京内作坊布局上呈现“城园两重格局”的特点,京外制作地是京内作坊的补充。清代帝国技艺网络的两端是宫廷和地方。在宫廷和地方之间,以“雪堆白”为代表的地方技艺从工匠、物料、器物等方面支持和补充着宫廷技艺。而宫廷技艺也以器物流通的方式影响地方。四、帝王、官员和工匠在清宫造办处中分别扮演了不同角色。雍正和乾隆两帝以设计师和管理者身份热情地参与活计的制作；官员尤其是以怡亲王允祥、海望、唐英等为代表的典型“技艺官员”,以其个人的办事能力和技艺悟性投入到清宫造办处各个环节的管理工作中；工匠是清宫中的技艺主体。在帝王与工匠之间,工匠的主体性作用并未因为皇权的参与而受到排挤,相反在那些通过积极姿态配合帝王要求的工匠身上能看到一些技艺亮点。来自全国各地乃至外国的工匠同帝王所辖的“家内匠”相互协作,共同形成了清代的“宫廷技艺”。五、清宫造办处的制造职能具有“家国二象性”特点。清宫造办处的独特性体现为丰富的作坊种类和技艺类别。因此它是中国历史上最集中的手工技艺交流平台。而“宫廷技艺”正是清宫造办处所遗留下来的宝贵历史遗产。
[Abstract]:Handicraft is the most important skill expression in ancient society. This paper takes the Qing palace office as the research object, takes the technical social history as the research angle, adopts the literature investigation method, the contrast analysis method and the document metrology method, studies the historical evolution of the Qing palace building office, and probes into its historical significance. At the same time, try to respond to the Qing Palace Office of the artisanal skills reflected in the problem. Through the research, the article draws the following conclusions: first, the Qing Palace Office is a production institution of the Qing Dynasty, formed in the historical clues of the continuous improvement and development of the Qing Dynasty. Is under the guidance of Emperor Kangxi around the heart of the temple workshop and the formation of the Qing Dynasty imperial handcraft department. In the early Qing Dynasty, there existed the alternation between the Ministry of Industry system and the inner government system, and the establishment of the Office of the Qing Dynasty finally realized the transformation from the inner court production to the inner government system. Secondly, according to the amount of workload undertaken by the Qing palace office, the history of the office is divided into five periods: establishment period, development period, peak period, conservation period and extinction period. In the history of these changes, the name of the Qing palace building office has undergone changes such as "Yangxin Hall", "Building Office Office", "Yangxin Dian Office", "House Office Building Office", and so on. It has also experienced corresponding changes such as the Yangxin Temple and the Wushu Hall. Yangxin Temple Office and the House Office of the four stages. Third, the production network of the Qing palace office is all over the country, and its workshops are divided into two parts: inside and outside Beijing. The layout of the workshops in Beijing presents the characteristics of "city and garden double pattern", and the place of production outside Beijing is the supplement of the workshop in Beijing. The two ends of the imperial art network in the Qing Dynasty were the court and the place. Between the court and the place, the local skill represented by "snowdrift white" supports and complements the court skill from artisans, materials, utensils, etc. And the court art also by the circulation of objects to affect the local way. Fourth, emperors, officials and craftsmen played different roles in the Qing palace office. The two emperors Yongzheng and Qianlong enthusiastically participated in the production of the work as designers and managers; officials, especially those represented by Prince Yi Yunxiang, Haiwang and Tang Ying, were typical "technical officials". The artisans are the subjects of the Qing Palace with their personal ability and skill savvy in the management of every link of the Qing Palace Office. Between emperors and craftsmen, the role of artisans' subjectivity is not excluded by the participation of imperial power, on the contrary, there are some bright points in the craftsmen who cooperate with the demands of emperors through positive posture. Craftsmen from all over the country and even foreign countries cooperated with the monarchs to form the court skills of the Qing Dynasty. Fifth, the manufacturing function of the Qing palace office has the characteristic of "family and country duality". The unique features of the Qing palace office are the rich kinds of workshops and the types of skills. Therefore, it is the most concentrated handcraft exchange platform in Chinese history. And court art is the precious historical heritage left over by the Qing palace office.
【学位授予单位】：北京科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：J509.2
[Abstract]:Handicraft is the most important skill expression in ancient society. This paper takes the Qing palace office as the research object, takes the technical social history as the research angle, adopts the literature investigation method, the contrast analysis method and the document metrology method, studies the historical evolution of the Qing palace building office, and probes into its historical significance. At the same time, try to respond to the Qing Palace Office of the artisanal skills reflected in the problem. Through the research, the article draws the following conclusions: first, the Qing Palace Office is a production institution of the Qing Dynasty, formed in the historical clues of the continuous improvement and development of the Qing Dynasty. Is under the guidance of Emperor Kangxi around the heart of the temple workshop and the formation of the Qing Dynasty imperial handcraft department. In the early Qing Dynasty, there existed the alternation between the Ministry of Industry system and the inner government system, and the establishment of the Office of the Qing Dynasty finally realized the transformation from the inner court production to the inner government system. Secondly, according to the amount of workload undertaken by the Qing palace office, the history of the office is divided into five periods: establishment period, development period, peak period, conservation period and extinction period. In the history of these changes, the name of the Qing palace building office has undergone changes such as "Yangxin Hall", "Building Office Office", "Yangxin Dian Office", "House Office Building Office", and so on. It has also experienced corresponding changes such as the Yangxin Temple and the Wushu Hall. Yangxin Temple Office and the House Office of the four stages. Third, the production network of the Qing palace office is all over the country, and its workshops are divided into two parts: inside and outside Beijing. The layout of the workshops in Beijing presents the characteristics of "city and garden double pattern", and the place of production outside Beijing is the supplement of the workshop in Beijing. The two ends of the imperial art network in the Qing Dynasty were the court and the place. Between the court and the place, the local skill represented by "snowdrift white" supports and complements the court skill from artisans, materials, utensils, etc. And the court art also by the circulation of objects to affect the local way. Fourth, emperors, officials and craftsmen played different roles in the Qing palace office. The two emperors Yongzheng and Qianlong enthusiastically participated in the production of the work as designers and managers; officials, especially those represented by Prince Yi Yunxiang, Haiwang and Tang Ying, were typical "technical officials". The artisans are the subjects of the Qing Palace with their personal ability and skill savvy in the management of every link of the Qing Palace Office. Between emperors and craftsmen, the role of artisans' subjectivity is not excluded by the participation of imperial power, on the contrary, there are some bright points in the craftsmen who cooperate with the demands of emperors through positive posture. Craftsmen from all over the country and even foreign countries cooperated with the monarchs to form the court skills of the Qing Dynasty. Fifth, the manufacturing function of the Qing palace office has the characteristic of "family and country duality". The unique features of the Qing palace office are the rich kinds of workshops and the types of skills. Therefore, it is the most concentrated handcraft exchange platform in Chinese history. And court art is the precious historical heritage left over by the Qing palace office.
【学位授予单位】：北京科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：J509.2
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