安阳方言语法研究

发布时间：2018-08-18 20:39

【摘要】：安阳位于河南省北部,与山西交界,市区方言属晋语邯新片获济小片。本文主要采用描写语言学的方法,对安阳市区方言的词缀、重叠等词法项目以及体貌、处置句等句法项目进行研究。研究内容主要有：一、词缀,二、重叠,三、体貌,四、疑问句,五、代词,六、位置和位移范畴,七、处置句和被动句,八、特色虚词等八个语法类型。本论文注重对方言现象共时层面的比较研究,与普通话相比,安阳方言的词缀“的”除了具有相当于普通话词缀“子”的用法外,还可以用于构成疑问代词“啥的”；“啥的”和“啥”分别承担表称代和表区别的功能。词缀“儿”在读音上既有不儿化的儿尾形式,又有儿化音。从历时的语言发展以及与共时层面各地方言的比较来看,安阳方言的儿缀处在中间发展阶段,儿化与否跟需要添加儿缀的词的韵母有关。“圪”是一种具有鲜明晋方言特色的词缀,安阳方言的“圪”头词比晋语腹地的类型少很多,表现出方言边际地带的特点。安阳方言的重叠类型比普通话丰富,有些类型是普通话中没有的。如：名词重叠加儿缀构成“A儿A儿”形式,可用作定语,表示具有“A”这一特点的性状。安阳方言的体貌范畴由八类体貌组成。我们对这八种体貌进行了细致描写,在与各地方言和普通话的充分比较中充分揭示安阳方言的体貌特征。重要的体貌标记如“的”“嘞”“着”“啦”“咤”“也”,结合共时和历时研究,对它们的特点、来源进行了探寻。我们还发现在安阳方言中,有一种很有晋语特点的体貌“将行体”,表示事情将要发生。这是在普通话和其它一些方言中所未见的。安阳方言的代词系统丰富整饬。通过与周边方言的比较研究,我们发现代词系统更多呈现出中原官话的特点。由于这种相似并非若干词汇的相同,我们推测这一现象不是安阳方言这种历史移民方言与中原官话接触所致,应当是历史上中原官话的沉积。处置句和被动句中,处置标记“连”、被动标记“叫”都很有特点。我们运用历史语言学的方法对“连”进行了海量语料的考证、分析,弄清了“连”从表“连接义”到表处置的演变历程。这对现代汉语和方言中处置句发展的研究有所补益。安阳方言还有处置句和被动句的套合格式,这也是许多晋方言地区所具有的方言特点。安阳方言的疑问句没有与普通话“吗”字问句完全对应的是非问。普通话中表真性问的“吗”是非问在安阳方言中一般用“VP没有”“VP不VP”这类正反问句表达。我们探讨了安阳方言缺乏“吗”是非问的历史原因,并对正反问的历史发展情况作了探究。我们认为安阳方言的“么”字疑问句只承继了历史上的“麽”表非真性问疑问的功能,而真性问疑问句的功能一直由古已有之的正反问格式“VP不VP”“VP没有”承担。在以往的方言研究中,我们几乎未曾见到位置和位移表达方式的研究。我们这次作了尝试,部分参考了齐沪扬(1998)对现代汉语空间研究的思路和方法,对安阳方言的位置作了考察,区分静态和动态分类描写位置句；此外,我们对安阳方言表达位移的方式着力研究,通过与普通话对比,发现安阳方言中含有位移标记“昂”和“嘞”的位移句采用了实词虚化的手段来实现语法意义的表达。而与其它方言横向比较,可知这一表达手段存在于多种方言中,只是发展进程和形式有差异。我们对安阳方言中的“嘞”“动儿”“不咋”这三个特色虚词进行了研究。“嘞”在安阳方言中共有六类九种用法。这种同一语音形式承载众多语法、语义功能的现象在方言中并不多见。“动儿”是表时间背景的时间助词,“不咋”在安阳方言中不仅相当于语气词“吧”,更发展为用法丰富的话题标记,甚至可用在疑问句中。结尾的方法和思考中,我们提出要结合普-方-古的研究思路充分运用比较方法研究方言语法。只有纵向与古代汉语、近代汉语比较,横向与普通话、各地方言比较才能更准确更清晰地呈现方言语法面貌,也才能对某一方言语法问题有客观真实的认识。此外,结合语音研究方言语法具有重要作用和意义。
[Abstract]:Anyang is located in the north of Henan Province, bordering on Shanxi Province, and the urban dialect is a small piece of Han Xin in Jin dialect. This paper mainly uses descriptive linguistics to study the affix, overlap and other lexical items as well as syntactic items such as physiognomy and disposal sentences of Anyang dialect. This paper focuses on the comparative study of dialectal phenomena at the synchronic level. Compared with Putonghua, the affix "de" in Anyang dialect can be used to form interrogations as well as the affix "zi" in Putonghua. The pronoun "what", "what" and "what" respectively assume the functions of nominal pronoun and distinction. The affix "er" has both childish suffix forms and childish phonemes in pronunciation. The vowels of the words to be affixed with children's suffixes are related to the vowels of the words to be affixed with children's suffixes. The prefixes of the words to be affixed with children's suffixes in Anyang dialect are much fewer than those in the hinterland of Jin dialect, showing the characteristics of the dialectal margin. It can be used as an attributive to express the characteristic of A. The physique category of Anyang dialect consists of eight types of physique. "De", "Na", "La", "Ka", "Ye". Combining with synchronic and diachronic studies, we have explored their characteristics and sources. We also found that in Anyang dialect, there is a Jin dialect with the characteristics of the body "Jiangxing Style", indicating that things will happen. This is not seen in Putonghua and other dialects. The pronoun system of the dialect is rich and complete. Through the comparative study with the surrounding dialects, we find that the pronoun system is more characteristic of the Central Plains Mandarin. In disposal sentences and passive sentences, the disposal marker "lian" and the passive marker "shuo" have their own characteristics. We use the method of historical linguistics to make textual research on "lian" from a large number of corpus, and analyze the evolution process of "lian" from "linking meaning" to "expressing disposition". This is a study of the development of disposal sentences in modern Chinese and dialects. Anyang dialect also has a set of qualified disposal sentences and passive sentences, which is also the dialectal characteristics of many Jin dialect areas. This paper discusses the historical reasons why Anyang dialect lacks the question of whether it is right or wrong, and explores the historical development of the question. In the past, we have hardly seen the study of position and displacement in dialectal research. We have made an attempt this time, partially referring to Qi Huyang's (1998) ideas and methods of space study of modern Chinese, and inspecting the location of Anyang dialect. In addition, we focus on the way of expressing displacement in Anyang dialect. By comparing with Putonghua, we find that displacement sentences in Anyang dialect which contain displacement markers "Ang" and "Nao" adopt the method of emptying the real words to express the grammatical meaning. There are six kinds and nine usages in Anyang dialect. This same phonetic form bears many grammars and semantic functions. In Anyang dialect, "bu er" is not only the mood word "ba", but also the topic marker with rich usage, even can be used in interrogative sentences. Only by comparing vertically with ancient Chinese, modern Chinese, and horizontally with Putonghua, can dialects present their grammatical features more accurately and clearly, and have an objective and true understanding of a certain grammatical problem. In addition, it is of great significance to study the grammar of a certain dialect in combination with phonetics.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：H172.1

【引证文献】