生命、季节与生态—清水江流域苗族稻作文化研究

发布时间：2018-08-31 11:08

【摘要】：稻作文化作为清水江流域苗族重要的族群符号,对整个区域民族的自然生态和人文生态产生重要影响。稻作文化构成了苗族传统文化的根基,在生活中主要体现在岁时节日、人生礼仪、宗教信仰等方面。苗族人把稻米作为主要食物的同时还把它作为沟通人与人、人与神、人与鬼之间的媒介,三者之间的相互交换构成了整个族群的社会文化结构。文化在人类和生态环境中起着重要的作用,人可以通过文化知识来认识自然并获取资源,自然环境也在一定程度制约人的行为,两者之间是一个互动融合的过程。在自然生态中,稻米的生物属性决定了梯田的修建、稻禾的培育和稻谷的收割三个重要阶段需要投入大量的劳动力,尤其是对传统糯禾的采摘,苗族的社会结群文化恰为稻作的生长提供了充足的劳动力资源。稻谷的分类、稻田的选择、水资源的储养与维护以及稻鱼兼作的生计模式都反应了本土知识在自然地域生态环境中的价值和应用。稻谷的生命周期不仅代表了植物本身,同时还代表了苗族群体,因该群体食物的主要来源就是稻米,因此生命便贯穿于整个自然生态和人文生态当中。稻谷的生命周期需要依据一定的温度、土壤、水源、光照等自然条件进行轮回运转,因此传统历法在农业生产中就显得尤为重要。在过去,苗族把一年的季节分为暖季和冷季,冷暖两季的划分为稻米的生长提供了时间规序。在整个季节中,不同村寨轮流过节的节庆活动成为了农闲时节丰富的娱乐活动,其中斗牛、舞蹈、唱山歌等成为标志性的节日符号。节日活动的举办均避开农忙时节,且众多节日名称的由来也都围绕稻谷的生长命名,例如吃新节、粽粑节等。此外,几乎无一例外每个节日都有一个环节围绕稻作文化进行,以此来寓意和祈福风调雨顺,五谷丰登。苗族地区村寨之间节日的不同受传统历法的影响,正是这种不同才应照了苗族内部对规律遵循的统一性和一致性。轮流过节的群体活动对增进族群内部情感和认同起到了重要的积极作用,同时也彰显了苗族社会强大的生命力。生命的繁衍不息代表了一个族群的希望和未来。因此,苗族社会对生与死都非常重视。清水江流域苗族是一个山地稻作民族,新生婴儿出生、婚姻缔结及亡人过世都与稻作文化密切相关,在生命礼仪中稻米被视为重要的沟通媒介。稻米交换的本身已被赋予了重要的社会价值和意义,人们更多的是关注交换背后的社会文化和结构模式。稻米本身具有生物的粘合性,这种粘合性反应到社会文化中就是结群的力量。苗族人通过社会结群、礼物交换达成社会契约和文化共识,从而为农业生产的正常运作和地域社会秩序的构建起到了积极的促进作用。在生命礼仪中集体性的参与是基于血缘、地缘、亲缘基础之上,而形成这种集团模式的根源就是稻作文化。稻作生产需要地域下稳定的社会结构和群体互助,因此自然生态就对人文生态产生了重要影响并规约着苗族群体的社会结构。但自然与社会是互动互融的动态过程,随着经济的发展和社会的进步,越来越多的人突破原有的生计模式,稻谷种植的单一和田土的荒芜已成为众多村寨普遍的现象,稻作文化的符号象征也悄然发生着改变。尽管随着社会发展稻米的种植体系和交换体系正发生着不可避免的改变,但其原有的文化价值依然存在。在节日庆典和人生礼仪中稻作文化对社会的约束力量仍旧存在,这种深层次的文化模式在短时间内无法改变。近几年,政府在倡导美丽乡村建设中,加强对传统古村落的保护,已有众多学者、村寨精英和当地民众纷纷投入到保护村落传统文化的队伍中。通过对清水江流域苗族群体族群符号的挖掘和探讨,让更多的人认知和了解苗族文化。最终达到不同族群在文化上的重叠共识,彼此尊重,共同构建和谐的国民国家文化生态。坚信,通过大家的共同努力定能使乡村建设不仅能守宝贵的自然资源,留的住青山绿水,同时也守得住珍贵的乡愁文化。
[Abstract]:Rice culture, as an important ethnic symbol of the Miao people in the Qingshui River valley, has an important impact on the natural ecology and human ecology of the whole region. Rice culture forms the foundation of the traditional culture of the Miao people. It is mainly embodied in the festivals of the year, life rituals, religious beliefs and so on. It also serves as a medium for communicating people, people and gods, people and ghosts, and the mutual exchange among them constitutes the social and cultural structure of the whole ethnic group. In natural ecology, the biological attributes of rice determine the construction of terraces, and the cultivation of rice and the harvest of rice require a large amount of labor, especially for the traditional glutinous rice harvesting. Miao's social group culture provides sufficient labor for the growth of rice production. The classification of rice, the selection of paddy fields, the conservation and maintenance of water resources, and the mode of subsistence of both rice and fish reflect the value and application of indigenous knowledge in the ecological environment of natural regions. In the past, the Miao people divided the season of a year into warm season and cold season, cold and warm season. During the whole season, festival activities in different villages alternate with each other during the festival, including bullfighting, dancing, singing folk songs and other symbolic Festival symbols. In addition, almost every festival has a link around the rice culture to imply and pray for good luck and good luck. The different festivals between the villages in the Miao area are influenced by the traditional calendar. It is this difference that conforms to the internal laws of the Miao nationality. The unity and consistency followed. The group activities in turn played an important and positive role in promoting the inner feelings and identity of the ethnic groups, and also highlighted the strong vitality of the Miao society. The Miao nationality is a mountainous rice-farming ethnic group. The birth of newborn babies, marriage and death of deceased people are closely related to rice culture. Rice is regarded as an important communication medium in life rituals. Rice exchange itself has been endowed with important social value and significance. People pay more attention to the social culture and structural model behind the exchange. The Miao people reached a social contract and cultural consensus through social groups and gift exchange, thus playing a positive role in promoting the normal operation of agricultural production and the construction of regional social order. Participation is based on consanguinity, geography and kinship, and the root of this group pattern is rice culture. Rice production requires stable social structure and group mutual assistance in the region, so natural ecology has an important impact on human ecology and regulates the social structure of the Miao ethnic group. With the development of economy and the progress of society, more and more people break through the original mode of livelihood. It has become a common phenomenon for many villages to cultivate single paddy fields. The symbolic symbol of paddy culture has changed quietly. In recent years, the government has strengthened the protection of traditional ancient villages in advocating the construction of beautiful countryside. Many scholars, village elites and local people have devoted themselves to protecting the traditional culture of villages. Through excavating and discussing the ethnic symbols of the Miao ethnic groups in the Qingshui River valley, more people can understand and understand the culture of the Miao ethnic group, and finally reach the cultural overlap consensus of different ethnic groups, respect each other, and jointly build a harmonious national country. Cultural ecology. We firmly believe that through joint efforts, rural construction can not only preserve the precious natural resources, retain the green mountains and waters, but also preserve the precious nostalgia culture.
【学位授予单位】：贵州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G127

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