论我国先占制度的构建

发布时间：2018-01-28 07:06

本文关键词： 乌木无主物先占制度设计　出处：《华侨大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：先占,顾名思义就是比别人先占有,先占是所有权占有的原始方法之一,最先出现在罗马法的万民法中,在国外已经形成了一种完善的立法例和判例。罗马法采用的是先占自由主义的立法例,先占自由主义的适用对象包括了所有无主物,只要是没有主人的物品都可以通过先占来取得所有权。日耳曼法继承了罗马法的先占制度,但是在一定程度上又进行了修正,该立法的核心依然是先占权主义。但是修正的范围是对先占主体进行了限制,在日耳曼法的规定下,没有被占有的固定主体只能由国家占有,而不固定的主体也是在法律允许的前提下由特定者占有。现代民法又随着时代的变迁发展为更适合社会的立法模式,即二元主义的立法例。二元主义立法例被广泛应用于现代立法当中,比较典型的体现有德国、日本和意大利等国家的民法立法。国外的先占制度已发展地这样成熟,但我国法律中并没有规定先占这一法律制度。虽然很多民法学者都有在其著作中谈论过先占制度,但最后我国法律还是没有明确规定先占制度。先占制度的缺失给我国社会和司法的适用带来了一些问题。特别是近年来有着很多诸如乌木等无主物的经济案纠纷发生,但最后由于我国没有明确的法律制度,通常都以驳回起诉来结案。这些都不同程度地损害了当事人的利益。因此确立先占制度有着重要的意义。另外,随着党的十八届四中全会的召开,明确提出了编纂中国民法典的目标。现如今我国已经启动了民法典的编撰。在这个大背景下,先占制度作为所有权的原始取得方式之一,纳入民法典也是必要的。但是我国的具体国情与其他现代国家有着本质上的区别,无法对现有先占制度进行照搬沿用,因此,依据我国当前国情及律法情况来制定先占制定是势在必行的。本文以极具典型的“彭州乌木案”为切入点,讨论分析认为我国应该通过立法设立先占制度,但设立的先占制度必须符合中国国情,必须考虑到中国社会与外国社会的文化、习俗的差异以及现代社会与传统社会的不同。基于此,本文为构建具有中国特色的先占制度,主要从立法例的选择、先占的构成要件、先占的主客体范围以及先占的限制等方面进行了阐述。总之,本文希望重新引起人们对先占制度的关注,并促成我国早日建立较为完善的先占制度。
[Abstract]:Preemption, as its name implies, is one of the original methods of possession of ownership, which is first found in the laws of the peoples of Roman law. In foreign countries has formed a kind of perfect legislation and case law. Roman law adopts the legislation of preemptive liberalism, the applicable object of preemptive liberalism includes all non-subject. Germanic law inherits the preemption system of Roman law, but to some extent it is amended. The core of the legislation is still preemptionism. But the scope of the amendment is to restrict the preemptive subject. Under the Germanic law, the fixed subject that has not been occupied can only be occupied by the state. The subject of immobility is also possessed by a specific person under the premise of the law, and the modern civil law has developed into a more suitable legislative model for the society with the change of the times. Dualism legislation is widely used in modern legislation, more typical embodiment of Germany. Japan, Italy and other countries, such as civil law legislation. Foreign preemption system has been developed so mature. But there is no legal system of preemption in Chinese law, although many civil law scholars have talked about preemption system in their works. However, the absence of preemption system has brought some problems to the application of our society and judicature. Especially in recent years, there have been many economic disputes such as ebony. It happened. But finally, because our country does not have a clear legal system, usually to dismiss the prosecution to close the case. These have damaged the interests of the parties to varying degrees. Therefore, the establishment of preemption system is of great significance. In addition. With the convening of the fourth Plenary session of the 18 CPC Central Committee, the goal of compiling the Chinese Civil Code has been clearly put forward. Now China has started the compilation of the Civil Code. As one of the original ways of obtaining ownership, it is also necessary to bring the preemption system into the Civil Code. However, the specific national conditions of our country are essentially different from those of other modern countries. Can not copy the existing preemption system, therefore, according to the current situation of our country and the law to formulate preemption is imperative. This article is based on a very typical "Pengzhou ebony case" as the starting point. The discussion and analysis suggest that China should establish the preemption system through legislation, but the established preemption system must conform to the national conditions of China and must take into account the culture of Chinese society and foreign society. Based on the differences between modern society and traditional society, this paper is mainly from the choice of legislative cases and the constituent elements of preemption in order to construct the preemption system with Chinese characteristics. In a word, this paper hopes to arouse people's attention to the preemption system again, and promote the establishment of preemption system at an early date in our country.
【学位授予单位】：华侨大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923.2

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