宪法视角下的安乐死合法化研究

发布时间：2018-04-21 13:10

本文选题：安乐死 + 宪法　；参考：《安徽大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：安乐死从一出现,就引发了各个学界的讨论,它涉及了道德、伦理、医学、法律等诸多学科,也正是因为它的复杂性,才会至今争议不断。目前安乐死在我国的定性依然是不合法的,对此学界一直存在争议,从社会上频发的安乐死事件来看,这种定性引发了很多伦理道德上的不好后果,也引起相当一部分民众的反对。因此对安乐死的定性在一定程度上已经滞后于社会的发展,无法满足社会大众的需求,目前已经有些国家将安乐死纳入合法的范畴,安乐死的合法化也成了未来的一种趋势。想要实现安乐死在我国的合法化,可以先从宪法角度来探究安乐死合法化。对安乐死的争议,首先就体现在概念上,通过归纳学者的不同观点,总结出成立安乐死的必要属性,具体界定安乐死的对象范围,将与安乐死容易混淆的非自愿安乐死以及对象是植物人、重度精神病患者、重度残疾人等的广义安乐死排除在外,并将安乐死与最典型的尊严死相区别,以期从多方面明确安乐死的具体内涵。其次安乐死的争议体现在合法性上,目前已有少数国家已将安乐死合法化或部分地区合法化,他们的立法模式各不相同,可供我国安乐死立法参考借鉴。反观我国安乐死的研究现状,实践中安乐死合法化的需求愈加强烈,但是理论上却有合宪性问题亟待解决:个人是否享有死亡的权利,安乐死是否与国家的保护义务相违背,安乐死是否保护生命权和人格尊严。之所以有这些与宪法相关的问题,最根本的是对生命权的不同理解:不同的学者对生命权的解读不同,有的学者认为生命权是绝对的,是受国家绝对保护的,任何人包括自己都不能决定生死问题,因此个人没有选择死亡的权利,安乐死违背了国家的保护义务,安乐死与生命权相冲突,是对生命权的侵犯,抹杀了人格尊严。但生命权是相对的,国家对生命权的保护是要求国家对除本人以外的其他第三者的侵害进行保护,个人享有选择死亡的权利是有宪法基础的,安乐死并没有与生命权相冲突。对此,通过对生命权的内涵、性质、国家的保护义务等方面进行论证,以求给安乐死合法化奠定宪法基础。有了实践的需要和理论上的支撑,在借鉴国外立法经验的基础上,结合我国的实际情况,对我国安乐死进行了立法设计,具体明确安乐死的适用条件、实施方式与主体、实施安乐死的程序,同时严格限制安乐死的滥用,明确几种不属于安乐死的行为以及应负的法律责任。当然任何立法都要遵循宪法的原则,在安乐死立法的过程必须要遵循法律保留原则、恪守生命权原则、正当程序原则。
[Abstract]:Euthanasia has been discussed in various academic circles since its emergence. It involves many disciplines such as morality, ethics, medicine, law and so on. It is precisely because of its complexity that it is still controversial. At present, the characterization of euthanasia in our country is still illegal, and there has always been controversy in academic circles. Judging from the frequent incidents of euthanasia in society, this kind of characterization has caused a lot of bad ethical and moral consequences. It also aroused opposition from a considerable number of people. Therefore, the characterization of euthanasia has lagged behind the development of society to a certain extent, and can not meet the needs of the public. At present, some countries have brought euthanasia into the legal category, and the legalization of euthanasia has become a trend in the future. To realize the legalization of euthanasia in our country, we can explore the legalization of euthanasia from the angle of constitution. The controversy of euthanasia is embodied in the concept, through the induction of different viewpoints of scholars, summed up the necessary attributes of the establishment of euthanasia, specifically defined the scope of the object of euthanasia, Exclusion of involuntary euthanasia, which is easily confused with euthanasia, and generalized euthanasia for vegetative, severely mentally ill, severely disabled persons, and the distinction between euthanasia and the most typical form of dignified death, In order to clarify the specific connotation of euthanasia from many aspects. Secondly, the controversy of euthanasia is embodied in the legality. At present, a few countries have legalized euthanasia or some regions, their legislative models are different, which can be used as reference for our country's euthanasia legislation. Looking back at the present situation of euthanasia in China, the demand for legalization of euthanasia in practice is more and more intense, but in theory there are some constitutional problems to be solved: whether individuals enjoy the right to die, whether euthanasia violates the duty of protection of the state, and whether euthanasia is in violation of the duty of protection of the state. Whether euthanasia protects the right to life and human dignity. The fundamental reason for these constitution-related problems lies in the different interpretations of the right to life: different scholars interpret the right to life differently. Some scholars believe that the right to life is absolute and is absolutely protected by the state. No one, including himself, can decide the issue of life and death, so individuals do not have the right to choose death. Euthanasia violates the duty of protection of the state. Euthanasia conflicts with the right to life, which violates the right to life and nullifies human dignity. However, the right to life is relative. The protection of the right to life requires the state to protect the infringement of other third parties except himself. The right of individual to choose death is based on the constitution, and euthanasia does not conflict with the right to life. In order to lay a constitutional foundation for the legalization of euthanasia, the connotation and nature of the right to life and the duty of protection of the state are discussed in order to establish a constitutional foundation for the legalization of euthanasia. With the need of practice and theoretical support, on the basis of drawing lessons from foreign legislative experience and combining the actual situation of our country, the legislative design of euthanasia in our country has been carried out, and the applicable conditions, methods and subjects of euthanasia have been specified. The procedure of euthanasia is carried out, and the abuse of euthanasia is strictly restricted. Of course, any legislation must follow the principle of constitution. In the process of euthanasia legislation, we must abide by the principle of legal reservation, the principle of right to life and the principle of due process.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D921

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