我国资本制度变革下公司债权人利益保护问题研究

发布时间：2018-04-23 10:46

本文选题：资本制度变革 + 认缴制　；参考：《河北经贸大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：平衡公司股东和债权人之间的利益是现代国家《公司法》维护公司这一最重要的市场主体正常运转的基本路径,公司法学界对公司股东和债权人利益保护问题的研究也由来已久。众所周知,2014年新《公司法》的实施开启了我国完全认缴资本制的大门,此次资本制度变革可谓是全球资本弱化背景下政策助推的结果,赋予公司股东空前的自治权,变革内容颇为激进,主要涉及取消注册资本最低限额、注册资本由实缴制改为认缴制、放宽股东的出资形式、废除强制性验资程序等方面,但不容忽视的是,此次改革在鼓励创业与公司债权人利益保护这两者之间并未达成妥善的平衡,相关的公司债权人利益保护的后续保障措施没有适时跟进,在很大程度上对公司债权人利益颇有保护不周之嫌,可谓是一次顾此失彼的改革,公司法实践中利用注册资本认缴制使公司债权人利益陷入窘境的事例频频发生。对此,公司法理论界和实务界展开了继2005年后新一轮对公司债权人利益保护问题的深入研究和激烈探讨,相关研究在公司法学界历久弥新。本文由五部分组成。第一部分是论文的引言,重点介绍选题背景、选题的理论意义和实践意义,对国内外专家、学者研究公司债权人利益保护的现状进行梳理,并对论文的研究方法、研究思路和创新点作出说明。第二部分是公司债权人利益保护与资本制度变革概述。首先,明确界定公司债权人;其次,深入分析公司债权人利益保护的理论基础,包括价值平衡理论和利益相关者理论;最后,在对此次资本制度变革的内容进行概括的基础上,分析资本制度变革对公司债权人利益的影响。第三部分介绍我国资本制度变革的实施与债权人利益保护的困境。首先,以上海首例注册资本认缴出资案为例对资本制度变革的实施状况中股东的出资期限和出资义务问题进行分析;其次,阐释我国公司债权人利益保护的理论困境,主要表现为注册资本对债权人的担保功能弱化、公司信用体系亟需建立、债权人知情权保护迫在眉睫三个方面;最后,指出我国公司债权人利益保护的现实困境,包括“两虚一逃”现象在实践中愈演愈烈、资本显著不足的认定标准难上加难;相关的责任追究机制问题异常凸显三个方面。第四部分分析论述国外资本制度与公司债权人利益保护实践及对我国的启示。首先,介绍美国的授权资本制度,其公司债权人利益保护的实践体现为完善的信用信息畅通机制、先进的公司股款催缴机制、有力的“法人格否认”制度;其次,简要介绍日本公司资本制度和公司债权人利益保护实践,主要是董事对第三人责任的有效承担和明确的公司资产披露规定;最后,总结国外公司债权人利益保护实践对我国的启示,主要是注重债权人利益的公示性保护、程序性保护及优先性保护。第五部分提出资本制度变革下我国公司债权人利益保护制度的完善建议。首先,要转变公司债权人利益保护立法理念,包括从资本信用到资产信用、从事前控制到事后监管、从强制保护到自我保护三个转变;其次,要强化公司债权人利益保护预警机制,具体措施包括加强公司信用制度建设、信息披露制度建设和强化独立董事监督力量;再者,改善公司债权人利益保护保障机制,包括债权人参与公司治理和引入衡平居次的规则;最后,改进公司债权人利益保护责任机制,包括完善公司董事高管责任、增设催缴出资的前置程序和完善法人格否认制度的适用三个方面。“他山之石,可以攻玉”,但每种法律制度的生存和发展都必须有其适宜的土壤,我们在借鉴外国先进经验化解公司债权人利益保护难题的同时必须注意“取其精华,去其糟粕”,以期建立出符合我国资本制度变革实践的公司债权人利益保护体系。
[Abstract]:Balancing the interests of the shareholders and creditors of the company is the basic path to the normal operation of the most important market subject of the company law of the modern state, the company law circle has a long history of research on the protection of the interests of the shareholders and creditors of the company. It is well known that the implementation of the new "company law" in 2014 has opened the full payment of our country. The reform of the capital system is the result of the policy boost under the background of global capital weakening, which gives the shareholders of the company an unprecedented autonomy. The reform content is quite radical, mainly involving the abolition of the minimum quota of registered capital, the change of the registered capital from the real payment system to the confusing system, the relaxation of the form of shareholders' capital contribution and the abolition of the mandatory capital verification procedure. But what is not to be ignored is that the reform has not reached a proper balance between encouraging entrepreneurship and the protection of the interests of the creditors of the company. The following safeguards for the protection of the creditors' interests of the company have not been followed up in a timely manner. To a great extent, the interests of the creditors of the company are largely protected. In the practice of corporate law, the company law theory and practice circles have carried out an in-depth study and intense discussion on the protection of the interests of the creditors of the company after the 2005. The article is composed of five parts. The first part is the introduction of the paper, focusing on the background of the topic, the theoretical significance and practical significance of the topic, and combing the current situation of the protection of the creditors' interests of the domestic and foreign experts and scholars, and explaining the research methods, the research ideas and the new points of the paper. The second part is the protection of the interests of the creditors of the company. First, it clearly defines the creditor of the company. Secondly, it analyzes the theoretical basis of the protection of the interests of the creditors of the company, including the theory of value balance and the theory of stakeholder. Finally, on the basis of the summary of the content of the reform of the capital system, the paper analyzes the interests of the creditors of the company by the change of the capital system. The third part introduces the dilemma of the implementation of the reform of the capital system and the protection of the interests of the creditors in China. First, the first example of the case of registered capital contribution in Shanghai is taken as an example to analyze the period of capital contribution and the obligation of capital contribution in the implementation of the reform of the capital system; secondly, to explain the theoretical difficulties of the protection of the interests of the creditors of our company. The main performance is that the registered capital is weakening to the creditor's guarantee function, the company's credit system needs to be established and the creditor's right to know is imminent in three aspects. Finally, it points out the realistic predicament of the protection of the interests of the creditors of our company, including the phenomenon of "two false fleeing" in the actual practice, and the difficult identification standard of the capital shortage is difficult. The three aspects of the related accountability mechanism are highlighted. The fourth part analyses the practice of the protection of foreign capital and the interests of the creditors of the company and the enlightenment to our country. First, it introduces the authorized capital system in the United States, and the practice of protecting the interests of the creditors of the company embodies the perfect mechanism of unimpeded credit information. In the second place, the company's capital system and the practice of protecting the interests of the creditors of the company are briefly introduced, mainly by the effective commitment of the directors to the third party responsibility and the explicit disclosure regulations of the company's assets; finally, a summary of the practice of protecting the interests of the creditors of foreign companies to our country is summarized. It mainly focuses on the public protection, procedural protection and priority protection of the interests of the creditors. The fifth part puts forward the perfect suggestions for the protection of the interests of the creditors of our company under the reform of the capital system. First, we should change the legislative idea of the protection of the creditors' interests of the company, including the capital credit to the asset credit, and the pre control to the ex post. Supervision, from compulsory protection to self protection three changes; secondly, to strengthen the protection of the interests of the company creditor protection early warning mechanism, specific measures include strengthening the company's credit system construction, information disclosure system construction and strengthening the independent director supervision force; furthermore, to improve the protection of the interests of the company creditor protection mechanism, including the creditor participation in corporate governance. In the end, improving the liability mechanism of the interests of the creditors of the company, including improving the responsibility of the company's directors and executives, adding the prepositional procedure and perfecting the system of disregard of the legal personality. "The stone of other mountains, can attack jade", but the existence and development of each legal system must be suitable for the survival and development of each legal system. At the same time, we should pay attention to "take the essence and go to the dregs" while drawing on the advanced experience of foreign countries to solve the problem of protecting the interests of the creditors of the company, in order to establish a protection system for the interests of the creditors in accordance with the reform practice of our country's capital system.

【学位授予单位】：河北经贸大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.291.91

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