美国宪法中的“权力负面清单”制度研究

发布时间：2018-06-21 10:21

本文选题：美国宪法 + “权力负面清单”　；参考：《中共江苏省委党校》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：作为一部“限制权力的宪法”,美国宪法中多处列举了限制联邦政府和各州权力的负面清单,主要体现在其第一条第九款、第十款和第一修正案中对于政府在税收、人权、货币、军队等方面的权力所作的限制性规定,形成了独具特色的“权力负面清单”制度。这不仅是一张法律清单,也是一张政治清单,一张社会清单,其本质是一项旨在平衡权力与权利的制度。美国宪法“权力负面清单”制度区别于“负面清单”制度与“权利清单”制度,体现出了极为强烈的民族特色和法律追求,其形成受到美国历史、文化、宗教等多元因素的综合作用,是古典自由主义思想、英国宪法性文件等哲学基础和社会条件共同影响的产物。从“权力负面清单”制度的视角对美国宪法进行深入研究,运用法理探讨与实证分析相结合、比较分析、历史研究等方法,分析其形成原因、法律渊源、实施原理、效力机制、现实意义等内容,可以发现该制度在条文设计上具有时代性与持续性相结合、妥协性与创新性相结合等特点,体现出美国宪法在博弈与妥协中形成的智慧,不仅在美国司法实践中具有广泛适用经验,也对于限制政府权力、平衡权力与权利的关系影响颇深。美国宪法“权力负面清单”制度是美国宪政限权理论的开源数据,为民众搭建了讨论和监督政府权力的平台,对于反腐败工程的构建起到推动作用,具有十分重要的历史意义和现实意义。寻求保障人民权利与限制政府权力的平衡是我国构建法治国家的进程中必定面临和必须解决好的重要问题。本文旨在通过研究美国宪法中“权力负面清单”制度的成因和作用,增进对美国宪法的了解,与此同时,也为进一步认识我国各类“清单”制度、全面解读我国宪法带来新的启发。对美国宪法“权力负面清单”制度的实施条件进行分析,可看出共和制政体和良法善治的法治环境是必不可少的。结合美国宪法“权力负面清单”制度的司法适用情况,对其域外法治价值进行判断,在一定程度上美国宪法“权力负面清单”制度对我国具有可借鉴性。以上述研究为基础对我国宪法增加相关内容的可能性进行探讨,本文提出一方面借鉴美国宪法“权力负面清单”制度的内容,如将“未经允许官员不得接受任何外国君主或国家赠与的任何礼物、酬金、官职”写入宪法,将异化的权力滥用限制在“制度的笼子里”;另一方面在我国宪法中确立“权力负面清单”制度并使之与行政法有效衔接的制度设计,增设“权力负面清单”条款和原则,结合国情构建有中国特色的“权力负面清单”制度。希冀通过上述举措可以进一步完善我国现有的三张清单制度,为反腐倡廉工作的开展和促进我国社会主义法治国家的构建提供新的思考路径。
[Abstract]:As a "constitution restricting powers," the United States Constitution lists a number of negative lists that limit the powers of the federal government and states, mainly reflected in its article 1, paragraph 9, paragraph 10, and the first Amendment, which contain taxes and human rights for the government. The restrictive provisions of monetary and military power form a unique system of negative list of powers. This is not only a list of laws, but also a list of politics, a list of societies, a system designed to balance power and power. The system of "negative list of Power" in the Constitution of the United States is different from the system of "negative list" and "list of Rights", which embodies extremely strong national characteristics and legal pursuit, and is formed by American history and culture. The comprehensive function of religion and other multivariate factors is the result of the influence of classical liberalism, British constitutional documents and other philosophical foundations and social conditions. From the perspective of "negative list of Power" system, this paper makes a thorough study of the American Constitution, and analyzes its formation reasons, legal sources, implementation principles, and effective mechanisms by means of combining legal theory with empirical analysis, comparative analysis, historical research, and so on. It can be found that the system has the characteristics of the combination of times and persistence, compromise and innovation, and reflects the wisdom formed in the game and compromise in the constitution of the United States. It not only has extensive experience in judicial practice in the United States, but also has a deep influence on restricting government power and balancing the relationship between power and right. The system of "negative list of Power" in the Constitution of the United States is an open source data of the theory of the restriction of constitutional power in the United States. It provides a platform for the public to discuss and supervise the power of the government, and plays a role in promoting the construction of the anti-corruption project. Has very important historical significance and realistic significance. Seeking the balance between protecting the people's rights and restricting the government's power is an important problem that must be solved well in the process of constructing a country ruled by law in our country. The purpose of this paper is to improve the understanding of the American Constitution by studying the causes and functions of the "negative list of Power" system in the United States Constitution, and at the same time, to further understand all kinds of "list" systems in our country. Comprehensive interpretation of China's Constitution brings new inspiration. By analyzing the implementation conditions of the "negative list of Power" system in the United States Constitution, we can see that the Republican system of government and the rule of law environment of good law and good governance are essential. Combined with the judicial application of the "negative list of Power" system in the United States Constitution, the author judges the value of its extraterritorial rule of law, and to a certain extent, the "negative list of Power" system of the United States Constitution can be used for reference in our country. On the basis of the above research, this paper discusses the possibility of adding relevant contents to the Constitution of our country. On the one hand, this paper proposes to draw lessons from the contents of the "negative list of Power" system in the Constitution of the United States. Such as "without permission officials shall not accept any gift, remuneration, official post from any foreign monarch or state" in the Constitution, and limit the dissimilated abuse of power to "the cage of the system"; On the other hand, the system design of establishing the system of "negative list of power" and linking it effectively with administrative law in the constitution of our country, adding the clause and principle of "negative list of power", According to the national conditions, the system of "negative list of Power" with Chinese characteristics is constructed. It is hoped that the above measures can further improve the existing three list systems in China and provide a new way of thinking for the development of anti-corruption work and the construction of a socialist country ruled by law in our country.
【学位授予单位】：中共江苏省委党校
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D971.2

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