胎儿的民事主体地位及权益保护研究

发布时间：2018-06-26 12:44

本文选题：胎儿 + 民事主体地位　；参考：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：近些年来,随着经济社会的发展和公民权利意识的提高,环境污染、交通事故、医疗纠纷等侵害胎儿的事件层出不穷,加之孕育后代的艰辛和高昂的经济成本,要求法律全面保护胎儿权益的呼声日益高涨。然而,我国法律却一直没有给予胎儿应有的关爱和重视。当前我国正在编纂民法典,将胎儿保护的条款纳入民法典的时机已经成熟。在此背景下,笔者对胎儿问题进行了深入研究,希望自己的一点浅见能对解决胎儿权益保护问题有所助益。本文分为四个部分:第一部分论述了胎儿的民事法律地位,首先对胎儿与人的概念加以界定,并论述了法律上胎儿与人的关系,分析了法律上的人的发展趋势,主张在未来民法典中确认胎儿的民事主体地位,这符合时代发展要求和未来民法典的价值追求。第二部分论述了胎儿民事权益保护的法理基础,围绕胎儿权利能力的有无,将学者们关于胎儿保护的学说分为胎儿权利能力否定说、胎儿权利能力肯定说和权利能力质疑说,在对各种学说进行比较的基础上,主张对传统的权利能力理论进行适当修正,通过法律拟制赋予胎儿权利能力,确认胎儿的民事主体地位。第三部分分析了境内外胎儿民事权益保护的状况,通过对大陆法系国家三种立法模式和英美法系国家胎儿权益保护的历史进程及相关判例的研究,对照我国目前立法上和司法实践中胎儿权益保护的实际状况,指出我国立法和司法实践中存在的不足之处,提出应当及时在立法层面实现对于胎儿权益的全面保护。第四部分提出我国胎儿民事权益保护的立法建议,在我国民法典编纂的背景下,分析比较了相关学者关于胎儿保护的立法建议,主张我国立法上应采用总括主义的立法模式,在民法典总则中加入胎儿权益保护的概括性条款,同时在分则中对于胎儿应当享有的权利进行具体规定。本文对于附条件说进行了研究,主张对于胎儿的物质性人格权利不附条件,对于胎儿的财产性权利则附条件的观点,如此能够克服附条件说的弊端,最大程度上保护胎儿的权益,实现民法对于人的全面保护的终极目的。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the development of economy and society and the improvement of civil rights consciousness, environmental pollution, traffic accidents, medical disputes and other incidents of infringing the fetus, coupled with the hardships and high economic costs of bearing future generations, Calls for full legal protection of foetus are growing. However, the law of our country has not given the fetus due care and attention. At present, our country is codifying the civil code, and the time is ripe to bring the clause of fetal protection into the civil code. Under this background, the author has carried on the thorough research to the fetal question, hoped his own shallow opinion can solve the fetal rights and interests protection question to have the help. This paper is divided into four parts: the first part discusses the civil legal status of foetus, defines the concept of fetus and human, discusses the relationship between human and fetus in law, and analyzes the development trend of human in law. It is in line with the development of the times and the value pursuit of the future civil code to affirm the civil subject status of the fetus in the future civil code. The second part discusses the legal basis of the protection of foetus' civil rights and interests. Around the existence or absence of fetal right capacity, scholars' theories on fetal protection are divided into fetal right capacity negation theory, fetal right capacity affirmation theory and right capacity questioning theory. On the basis of the comparison of various theories, it is advocated that the traditional theory of right capacity should be amended properly, and the fetal right capacity should be endowed by legal fiction to confirm the position of the fetus as a civil subject. The third part analyzes the situation of the protection of the civil rights and interests of foetus at home and abroad, through the study of three legislative models in the countries of the continental law system and the historical process of the protection of the rights and interests of the fetus in the countries of the common law system and the relevant cases. According to the actual situation of the protection of fetal rights and interests in our country's current legislation and judicial practice, this paper points out the deficiencies in our country's legislation and judicial practice, and puts forward that the comprehensive protection of fetal rights and interests should be realized in a timely manner at the legislative level. The fourth part puts forward the legislative suggestions on the protection of the civil rights and interests of the fetus in our country. Under the background of the compilation of the civil code of our country, the author analyzes and compares the legislative suggestions of the relevant scholars on the protection of the fetus, and advocates that the legislative model of omnibus doctrine should be adopted in the legislation of our country. In the Civil Code, the general provisions of the protection of the rights and interests of the fetus are added, and the rights of the fetus are specified in the special provisions. This article has carried on the research to the conditional theory, advocated that the fetal material personality right does not attach the condition, regarding the fetal property right is attached the condition, thus can overcome the conditional theory's shortcoming, Protect the rights and interests of fetus to the greatest extent and realize the ultimate goal of comprehensive protection of human being in civil law.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923

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