被害人宽恕对量刑的影响
发布时间：2018-09-19 06:37
【摘要】：定罪量刑是刑事司法的永恒主题,在定罪量刑的过程中法官的自由裁量权举足轻重。现实中很多刑事案件都存在被害人,被害人的行为不同程度影响着司法机关对犯罪行为人的定罪量刑,如在特定犯罪中犯罪行为发生前被害人承诺可以作为阻却违法事由之一,影响到对行为的定性,犯罪行为发生后被害人对行为人表示宽恕也可能导致司法机关对行为人从轻处罚;反之,被害人情绪激动,强烈要求对行为人从重处罚,拒不接受犯罪行为人赔偿的情形在现实中也时有发生。被害人的行为对形事诉讼活动的影响日益加深,这也促使我们对被害人的行为进行更加深入和系统的研究,以适应社会的不断发展。本文选取被害人宽恕对量刑的影响这一议题,从被害人宽恕概念的阐释到国内外有关被害人宽恕理论的比较,最后落脚到将被害人宽恕纳入到我国刑事法律具体制度的构建,基本结构是从宏观到微观,从抽象到具体,以期能够对我国刑事法学的发展贡献微薄之力。本为除引言、结语外共分四大部分。本文第一部分论述了被害人的概念、特征及其地位的演变,及被害人宽恕的概念、特征和分类。笔者认为被害人只限于自身利益受到直接受损、与犯罪具有直接因果联系的自然人或法人,具有权益受侵害的客观性、受损法益的合法性、权利受侵害的直接性等特征。因此,本文论述的被害人宽恕是指单方宽恕,即在加害人的犯罪行为被司法机关发现并追究后,人民法院尚未对加害人做出生效判决前,被害人基于某种原因表示放弃对加害人的追究或则请求司法机关从宽处罚加害人的行为。本文第二部分主要论述了被害人宽恕对量刑影响的问题分析。量刑是建立在对犯罪行为的社会危害性和犯罪行为人的人身危险性上的,行为人在犯罪后积极与被害人进行沟通协商的行为表明其人身危险性低于一般犯罪分子,也从侧面证明了其犯罪行为的社会危险性较低,因此在获得被害人宽恕后对犯罪行为人从宽处罚具有其正当性,也符合量刑原理的要求。被害人宽恕量刑意义的效力依据是恢复性司法、刑法谦抑性理论、程序主体论,上述理论充分说明了被害人宽恕影响量刑的理论基础。本文第三部分阐述了大陆法系和英美法系关于被害人影响量刑的相关典型经验和做法。对中西方渊源进行了说明,结合心理学上将宽恕的内涵界定为情感、行为及认知,并分析了英国、美国法国被害人对量刑影响与被害人同意、私了、刑事和解的异同。纵观大陆法系和英美法系,尽管各国关于被害人宽恕对量刑的影响的相关规定都不尽相同,但各个主要国家的相关规定存在一个共同特点,就是诉讼过程中充分尊重被害人的意见,被害人参与量刑程序问题广泛使用,被害人意见是做出量刑结果的重要依据。这为我国在被害人宽恕方面的立法和司法提供了很好的借鉴。第四部分是本文在上述基础上的一些思考和建议,在介绍被害人宽恕在我国的立法现状及国外的一些做法后,笔者建议在转变被害人权利保护观念的基础上,通过完善立法来加强对被害人权利的保护,具体包括实体性权利保障的完善和程序性权利保障的完善。在此基础上,进一步细化被害人宽恕对量刑的影响。
[Abstract]:Conviction and sentencing is the eternal theme of criminal justice, in the process of conviction and sentencing the judge's discretion is very important. As one of the reasons to stop the violation of the law, it affects the nature of the act, and the forgiveness of the victim may also lead to the lighter punishment of the perpetrator by the judicial organ; on the contrary, the victim is emotional and strongly demands that the perpetrator be given a heavier punishment and refuses to accept the compensation of the perpetrator. The impact of the victim's behavior on the formal litigation activities is deepening day by day, which also urges us to conduct a more in-depth and systematic study of the victim's behavior in order to adapt to the continuous development of society. The basic structure is from macroscopic to microcosmic, from abstract to concrete, in order to make a little contribution to the development of criminal law in China. This article is divided into four parts except the preface and the conclusion. The author holds that the victim is limited to the natural or legal person whose own interests are directly damaged and which has direct causal connection with the crime, and has the characteristics of the objectivity of the infringement of rights and interests, the legitimacy of the damaged legal interests, and the directness of the infringement of rights and interests. The victim's forgiveness discussed in this paper refers to the unilateral forgiveness, that is, after the offender's criminal act has been found and investigated by the judicial organ, before the people's court has made an effective judgment on the offender, the victim, for some reason, expresses his abandonment of the investigation of the offender or requests the judicial organ to leniently punish the offender. This paper discusses the impact of victim's forgiveness on sentencing.The sentencing is based on the social harmfulness of criminal acts and the personal danger of the perpetrator.Active communication and consultation between the perpetrator and the victim after the crime shows that the personal danger of the victim is lower than that of ordinary criminals,and proves the crime from the side. The validity of the meaning of the victim's forgiveness in sentencing is based on restorative justice, the theory of modesty and restraint of criminal law, and the theory of procedural subject. The above theory fully explains that the victim's forgiveness affects sentencing. The third part of this paper expounds the typical experiences and practices of the continental law system and the Anglo-American law system about the impact of sentencing on the victim. It explains the origins of China and the West, defines the connotation of forgiveness as emotion, behavior and cognition in combination with psychology, and analyzes the impact of sentencing on the victim in Britain, the United States and France. In the civil law system and the Anglo-American law system, although the relevant provisions on the impact of victim's forgiveness on sentencing vary from country to country, the relevant provisions of each major country have a common feature, that is, fully respect the victim's opinions in the process of litigation and the victim's participation in sentencing procedures. Widely used, the victim's opinion is an important basis for making sentencing results. This provides a good reference for the legislation and justice of victim's forgiveness in China. The fourth part is some thoughts and suggestions on the basis of the above. After introducing the legislative status quo of victim's forgiveness in China and some foreign practices, the author suggests that On the basis of changing the concept of victim's rights protection, we should strengthen the protection of victim's rights by improving legislation, including the improvement of substantive rights protection and procedural rights protection.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D925.2
本文编号：2249335
[Abstract]:Conviction and sentencing is the eternal theme of criminal justice, in the process of conviction and sentencing the judge's discretion is very important. As one of the reasons to stop the violation of the law, it affects the nature of the act, and the forgiveness of the victim may also lead to the lighter punishment of the perpetrator by the judicial organ; on the contrary, the victim is emotional and strongly demands that the perpetrator be given a heavier punishment and refuses to accept the compensation of the perpetrator. The impact of the victim's behavior on the formal litigation activities is deepening day by day, which also urges us to conduct a more in-depth and systematic study of the victim's behavior in order to adapt to the continuous development of society. The basic structure is from macroscopic to microcosmic, from abstract to concrete, in order to make a little contribution to the development of criminal law in China. This article is divided into four parts except the preface and the conclusion. The author holds that the victim is limited to the natural or legal person whose own interests are directly damaged and which has direct causal connection with the crime, and has the characteristics of the objectivity of the infringement of rights and interests, the legitimacy of the damaged legal interests, and the directness of the infringement of rights and interests. The victim's forgiveness discussed in this paper refers to the unilateral forgiveness, that is, after the offender's criminal act has been found and investigated by the judicial organ, before the people's court has made an effective judgment on the offender, the victim, for some reason, expresses his abandonment of the investigation of the offender or requests the judicial organ to leniently punish the offender. This paper discusses the impact of victim's forgiveness on sentencing.The sentencing is based on the social harmfulness of criminal acts and the personal danger of the perpetrator.Active communication and consultation between the perpetrator and the victim after the crime shows that the personal danger of the victim is lower than that of ordinary criminals,and proves the crime from the side. The validity of the meaning of the victim's forgiveness in sentencing is based on restorative justice, the theory of modesty and restraint of criminal law, and the theory of procedural subject. The above theory fully explains that the victim's forgiveness affects sentencing. The third part of this paper expounds the typical experiences and practices of the continental law system and the Anglo-American law system about the impact of sentencing on the victim. It explains the origins of China and the West, defines the connotation of forgiveness as emotion, behavior and cognition in combination with psychology, and analyzes the impact of sentencing on the victim in Britain, the United States and France. In the civil law system and the Anglo-American law system, although the relevant provisions on the impact of victim's forgiveness on sentencing vary from country to country, the relevant provisions of each major country have a common feature, that is, fully respect the victim's opinions in the process of litigation and the victim's participation in sentencing procedures. Widely used, the victim's opinion is an important basis for making sentencing results. This provides a good reference for the legislation and justice of victim's forgiveness in China. The fourth part is some thoughts and suggestions on the basis of the above. After introducing the legislative status quo of victim's forgiveness in China and some foreign practices, the author suggests that On the basis of changing the concept of victim's rights protection, we should strengthen the protection of victim's rights by improving legislation, including the improvement of substantive rights protection and procedural rights protection.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D925.2
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