新中国60年来高校理想教育的基本历程与基本经验

发布时间：2017-12-26 22:02

本文关键词：新中国60年来高校理想教育的基本历程与基本经验　出处：《山东大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：理想信念是人的钙。我们党一直以来都非常重视青年大学生的理想教育,培养青年一代具有坚定的政治信仰和现代专业知识,这是强国富民的重要基石。系统深入地研究高等学校理想教育,是高等学校思想政治教育实践的迫切需要,也是马克思主义理论学科建设和理论发展的必然要求。高等学校理想教育在不同时期有不同的目标、内容和特点,本论文从历史发展的角度入手,对新中国成立以来六十年高等学校理想教育的基本历程、基本经验和发展轨迹进行了总结与梳理,按照时间发展的顺序分为奠定基础时期、曲折发展时期、严重受挫时期、拨乱反正和新的发展时期、迅速发展时期、稳定发展时期六个阶段来考察。同时在考察我国高等学校理想教育的历史背景、主要内容、基本特点、基本路径和基本经验的基础上努力揭示其发展的内在规律与发展趋势,以历史发展过程的内在必然性为指引,实现了理想教育的理论逻辑与我国高等学校理想教育历史发展的实践逻辑的统一。奠定基础时期。从1949年新中国成立到1956年基本完成社会主义改造时期,我们面临的首要任务是巩固新生的人民政权,恢复国民经济与各项建设任务,稳定社会秩序。在这样的时代背景下,结合国家建设的实际需要,通过加强社会主义理论、政策、方针的宣传和开展全国人民的政治学习运动推动高等学校理想教育。理想教育的内容是培养坚定的政治立场和政治方向,发展为人民服务的思想,培养文明进步的社会公德。教育方式是逐步完善高等学校思想理论教育课程体系、建设完善高等学校政治工作制度等,注重通过开展全国人民的政治学习运动、加强党的宣传工作促进高等学校理想教育。曲折发展时期。从1956年至1966年开始全面建设社会主义时期,社会主义改造和社会主义建设取得了巨大成就,但由于党内“左”倾思想泛滥,党的工作重心没能完全转到经济建设上来,给高校理想教育带来了“左”的影响。这一时期高等学校理想教育的主要内容是教育青年大学生走又红又专的道路。高等学校思想政治理论课课程建设、政治工作制度建设、对知识分子的教育和改造等不断完善,为实现理想教育目标提供了重要保障。教育中注重弘扬先进模范精神以及发挥生产劳动、社会运动在理想教育中的作用。严重受挫时期。从1966年至1976年“文化大革命”时期,“左”倾错误指导思想在党中央占主导地位,遵循“以阶级斗争为纲”,脱离社会主义建设实践,教育事业和民族传统文化遭到严酷摧残。高校理想教育步入为阶级斗争扩大化、绝对化服务的误区,其主要内容是加强阶级斗争和两条路线斗争的教育,进行政治挂帅、德育第一的教育。教育方式以阶级斗争、生产斗争、科学实验三大革命运动为主,采取强制说教、简单灌输的方法,严重脱离实际,高等学校理想教育遭受严重的破坏。拨乱反正和新的发展时期。从1976年至1992年是开创中国特色社会主义事业新时期,高等学校理想教育内容深刻生动,教育形式丰富多样,总体分为拨乱反正和稳步发展两个阶段。这一时期高等学校理想教育拔云见日,迎来新的发展,主要内容是对青年大学生进行改革开放的教育,坚定马克思主义理想信念,反对资产阶级自由化,树立全心全意为人民服务的思想,努力成长为“四有”新人,具有鲜明的时代特征。教育形式也丰富多样,包括“两课”在内的思想政治教育课程体系的进一步建设与发展、高校政治工作制度与队伍日益规范完善、生产劳动与社会实践教育更加成熟、综合发挥国防军事教育、体育与卫生教育、艺术教育的优势等。但期间由于国家发展经济放松了思想政治教育,虽然取得了巨大的成就,也发生过严重的失误。迅速发展时期。从1992年至2002年是改革开放和现代化建设新阶段,中国特色社会主义伟大实践以建立社会主义市场经济体制为中心取得重要进展。这一时期高等学校理想教育的主要内容是加强中国特色社会主义共同理想的教育,深化爱国主义、集体主义和社会主义思想教育,加强以爱国主义为重点的社会主义道德教育,帮助大学生培养良好的品德和行为习惯、健康的心理素质。新的发展机遇也给高等学校理想教育工作带来严峻的挑战,在江泽民《关于教育问题的谈话》、《中国教育改革和发展纲要》、《公民道德建设实施纲要》、《爱国主义教育实施纲要》、《中国普通高等学校德育大纲》、《关于加强社会主义精神文明建设若干重要问题的决议》、《中共中央关于进一步加强和改进学校德育工作的若干意见》和《中共中央国务院关于深化教育改革全面推进素质教育的决定》等文件的指导下,理想教育注重质量发展与内涵提升,综合运用教育、管理与舆论等手段,注重网络文化建设,通过全社会的精神文明建设、教育法制建设等促进理想教育,实现全员育人、全过程育人。稳定发展时期。2002年至2009年进入新世纪,在社会主义建设与发展取得的经验与成就基础上,党带领全国各族人民努力构建社会主义和谐社会,推进社会主义核心价值体系建设,促进社会主义文化大繁荣大发展。理想教育的主要任务是在中国特色社会主义共同理想的感召下,深入进行科学的世界观、人生观和价值观教育,树立和践行社会主义荣辱观,“促进青年大学生思想道德素质、科学文化素质和健康素质协调发展”①。这一时期高等学校理想教育依然以思想政治理论课为主渠道,不断深化大学生社会实践教育与志愿服务活动,进一步完善和规范高校政治工作制度,努力提高理想教育的针对性、实效性和吸引力、感染力。理想教育的特点是凸显理想教育在思想政治教育工作中的核心作用,注重教育质量,贯彻以人为本的思想向纵深发展。新中国成立六十年来高等学校理想教育的基本经验有四：一是高等学校理想教育应始终围绕党的中心任务展开；二是凸显理想教育在大学生思想政治教育中的核心作用；三是坚持正面理论灌输方式和理论联系实际的原则；四是充分发挥榜样的模范带头作用促进高校理想教育。新中国成立六十年来高等学校理想教育的基本启示有四：一是理想教育必须坚持以马克思主义理论教育为基础；二是理想教育必须坚持实事求是和以人为本的原则；三是主旋律明确,注重教育方式的丰富性和多样性,运用各种积极的手段调动教育者与受教育者的积极性、主动性和创造性；四是重视发挥高等学校在理想教育中的独特作用。目前,我国高等学校理想教育可以从以下五个方面改进：一是优化教育意识,实行双主体性原则；二是完善教育机制,实行激励原则；三是改进方法,实行渗透原则；四是内化于心,发展教育觉悟；五是外化于行,发挥实践功效。
[Abstract]:Ideal faith is man's calcium. Our party has always attached great importance to the ideal education of young college students, and fostering the young generation with firm political belief and modern professional knowledge, which is an important cornerstone for a powerful nation to enrich the people. Systematic and in-depth study of ideal education in Colleges and universities is an urgent need for the practice of Ideological and political education in Colleges and universities. It is also an inevitable requirement for Marx's theory construction and theoretical development. Higher school ideal education goals, different content and characteristics in different periods, this paper from the perspective of historical development, since the new China established the basic course, sixty years of high school education ideal basic experience and development are summarized and combed, according to the order of time divided into foundation period, tortuous development during the period, a serious setback, the new period of development, bring order out of chaos and rapid development period, stable period of six stages of development. At the same time, based on the historical background, main content, basic characteristics, study the ideal of higher education in our country and the basic experience of the basic path to reveal the inherent law and development trend of its development, the inherent inevitability of history as a guide, unified practice logic implements the theoretical logic of Education and teaching in Colleges and universities the historical development of the ideal of the ideal education. Lay the foundation period. From the founding of new China in 1949 to the completion of socialist transformation in 1956, the primary task we face is consolidating the new people's political power, restoring the national economy and construction tasks, and stabilizing social order. In this era of background, combined with the actual needs of national construction, we should enhance the propaganda of socialist theory, policies and policies and carry out the National People's political learning movement to promote the ideal education in Colleges and universities. The content of ideal education is to cultivate a firm political position and political direction, to develop the thought of serving the people and to cultivate the social morality of civilization and progress. The mode of education is to gradually improve the ideological and theoretical education curriculum system in Colleges and universities, and improve the political work system in Colleges and universities. We should focus on developing the National People's political learning campaign and strengthening the party's propaganda work, so as to promote the ideal education in Colleges and universities. A period of tortuous development. Start the comprehensive construction socialism period from 1956 to 1966, the socialist transformation and socialist construction has made great achievements, but because of the "left" thinking spread, the focus of the party's work could not be fully transferred to the economic construction, bring the "left" influence to the ideal education in universities. The main contents of the ideal education in schools of higher education in this period is to go the road of both socialist-minded and professionally competent young college students. The ideological and political theory course construction, the construction of political work system and the education and transformation of intellectuals have provided an important guarantee for achieving the goal of ideal education. In education, we should pay attention to the development of advanced model spirit and play the role of productive labor and social movement in ideal education. A period of severe frustration. From 1966 to 1976, during the "Cultural Revolution" period, the "left" wrong guiding ideology took the lead in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. It followed the idea of "class struggle as the key link" and broke away from the practice of socialist construction, and education and traditional culture were severely damaged. The ideal education in universities to enter for the extension of class struggle, the absolute errors of service, its main content is to strengthen the class struggle and the struggle between the two lines of education, politics, moral education first. The three revolutionary movements of class struggle, production struggle and scientific experiment are the main ways of education. The way of compulsory education and simple indoctrination is seriously divorced from reality, and the ideal education in Colleges and universities has been seriously damaged. The new period of development and bring order out of chaos. From 1976 to 1992 is a new era China socialism, higher school education ideal education profound content vivid, rich and varied forms, is divided into two stages to bring order out of chaos and steady development. This period of higher school education ideal pull the clouds and see the day, usher in a new development, the main content is to carry out reform and opening up education for young college students, Marx's firm ideals and beliefs, opposing bourgeois liberalization, establish the idea of serving the people wholeheartedly, as long as the efforts of the "Four Haves", with distinct characteristics of the times. Also a variety of forms of education, including the "Two Courses", the ideological and political education system further construction and development of colleges and universities, political system and team work is increasingly standardized perfect, productive labor and social practice education more mature, comprehensive play defense and military education, physical education and health education, art education. However, due to the economic development of the country relaxed ideological and political education, although great achievements have been made, and there have been serious mistakes. The period of rapid development. From 1992 to 2002, it is a new stage of reform and opening up and modernization. Great progress has been made in the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics centered on the establishment of a socialist market economic system. The main contents of the ideal education of this period is to strengthen the Chinese socialist common ideal education, deepening the patriotism, collectivism and socialist ideological education, strengthen the socialist moral education with patriotism as the focus, to help students cultivate the habit of moral behavior, and good psychological quality. New development opportunities as well as challenges to the ideal education of colleges and universities, in Jiang Zemin "talks on education", "Chinese education reform and development outline", "the program for Improving Civic Morality", "patriotism education program", "China ordinary high school moral education program", "on the strengthening of socialist the construction of spiritual civilization of several important
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G641

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