中国新生代农民工就业歧视与收入不平等问题研究

发布时间：2018-01-20 08:32

  本文关键词： 新生代农民工 收入差异 就业歧视 劳动力市场分割　出处：《东北师范大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：伴随着中国经济的快速发展和各项改革的逐步深化,在收入分配的过程当中,"价格由市场决定"的机制所发挥的作用变得日益重要。与此同时,就业问题和收入差距不断扩大已经逐步地成为了中国劳动力市场上存在的主要问题。新生代农民工一直对在城市的就业和生活充满期待和向往。然而中国的劳动力市场一直处于多元分割的状态下,他们在城市当中实际的就业情况和收入水平要远低于其本来的预期。这就使得新生代农民工的心理落差较大。这也是为什么在沿海地区出现民工荒现象的原因之一。用人单位招不到工人,不仅阻碍了本地的经济发展,从宏观角度考虑,也会对整个中国的经济发展和社会协调产生不利的影响。想要消除阻碍经济发展和社会稳定的不和谐因素,就需要从解决处于分割的劳动力市场当中新生代农民工的就业与收入问题入手。本研究主要从劳动力市场分割作为分析的切入点,致力于回答如下问题:新生代农民工的收入与城市居民相比较,差距是多少?其中有多少是由于不平等因素造成的?城乡、行业、区域分割是否会造成新生代农民工在城市务工过程中就业歧视和收入不平等?有哪些对策可以消除新生代农民工就业歧视和收入不平等问题?本文根据CHIP即中国国家家庭收入调查数据为资料,运用多种计量方法,对上述问题进行分析。主要利用明瑟工资方程、多元回归以及收入分解的方法,将新生代农民工的收入水平和就业获得同城市居民进行比较,分析其受到就业歧视和收入不平等待遇的原因和程度,以及新生代农民工就业歧视与收入不平等的相互作用机制,最后根据研究给出提高新生代农民工就业数量和提升其收入水平的对策建议。分析结果显示:1.不管是群体间还是内部各员工之间均有着收入差距,通过个体禀赋间差异理论能够很好解释产生差异的部分原因,其他结果指出该差异主要还是新生代农民工以及女性劳动力所遭受的就业歧视造成的。2.在职业获得方面,与城镇市民相比,新生代农民工在高收入行业中专业技术人才和办事人才两种职位受到存在歧视。但是在单位管理者、仪器操作者和商业服务者将受到反向歧视(经济市场高估当地居民劳动力价值高估),这意味着从事这些职业的人群中,拥有当地身份证明的居民能够得到各种制度或者经济上的政策优惠。此外,在职业中,农民工受到待遇正从直接歧视向间接歧视转变,受到各种间接不平等、不公平政策对待。女性劳动力在单位负责人、办事人员和设备操作人员三类职业的获得上均存在歧视,而在商业服务业人员职业的获得上城镇市民中的女性劳动力有着反向歧视(经济市场高估男性劳动力市场价值)。在专业技术员工和普通员工职位的员工受到上两个群体中的女性劳动力均存在歧视。3.在行业进入方面,与城镇市民相比,新生代农民工在中等工资水平职业进入方面受到某种程度歧视,而在制造业、建筑业和咨询行业等第一类行业和卫生文教事业、科研技术服务业、金融保险业等第三类行业的进入方面,新生代农民工则存在反向歧视(市场对城市居民劳动力价值高估)。性别歧视方面,新生代农民工中女性劳动者在低收入职业的进入方面经常受到歧视。在中等收入职业的进入方面,新生代农民工女性劳动力普遍受到歧视。在高工资行业的进入上,与新生代农民工中的男性相比,女性劳动力存在反向歧视(市场对男性劳动力价值高估)。4.市场经济发展水平高地区,存在农民工与城镇居民收入差距越高。当地市场经济水平高,表明当地教育回报率程度相应较高,然而教育回报率的不公平造成新生代农民的受教育程度与当地居民受教育程度存在差异,接受培训技术也存在差距,进而拉大收入差距。尽管新生代农民工在各个市场经济发展水平高的地区受到歧视,但农民工收入方面遭到歧视与所处经济市场环境的关系并不大。在经济较为发达地区1区(北京、天津、上海)的新生代农民工收入歧视程度较深,经济发展欠发达的3区(中西部地区)的新生代农民工收入歧视包含内容较多。此外,两个地区的新生代农民工收入方面存在歧视并不具普遍性。5.从行业层面分析,在制造业、建筑业领域的新生代农民工收入与城市居民收入差距相对较大,在科教文卫、政府单位部门差异较小。在有关劳动密集型、劳动强毒性职业,新生代农民工受到的收入歧视相抵较低。从新生代农民工歧视的职业分布分析,在金融保险行业工资歧视非常严重;在科教文卫、交通输运领域收入歧视问题必须重视;政府单位收入歧视较低;餐饮服务业收入歧视较大;在制造业、建筑业等领域收入歧视相对较低。6.从新生代农民工收入歧视职位层面分析,餐饮、零售等服务行业职位存在严重收入歧视,并且在职位晋升方便同样不公平;在金融保险、交通输运、邮电通信职位方面,收入歧视普遍存在,但职位晋升较为公平;在建筑业、制造业等同类型行业中收入歧视基本不存在,但职位晋升方面存在严重偏差;在科教文卫、政府单位等行业,收入歧视和职位晋升歧视较低。最后,本文在研究分析的基础上,提出了改善新生代农民工就业与收入不平等的对策建议。消除新生代农民工在就业和收入的不平等的基础,就是在制度上彻底改革户籍制度。户籍等制度化和社会化因素均是限制这劳动力自由流动、造成劳动力市场严重分割,是导致户籍歧视根本原因。所以,必须深化户籍体制、就业体系和社会保障体系的改革、完善,打造城乡区域一体化、公平公正、高质高效的劳动力市场环境,将人口就业与户籍脱离,保证新生代农民工在就业岗位、收入水平和福利待遇等各种权益,降低甚至消除人们在就业过程中出现的户籍歧视。同时,降低垄断行业与竞争行业的收入差距,发展非正规就业,以推动新生代农民工收入与就业数量质量的提高;出台反就业歧视法规,以完善反就业歧视法律体系;改善新生代农民工素质结构,以缓解劳动力供需矛盾;推进城市福利体制改革,以实现公共服务均等化;消除劳动力市场的多重分割,以完善劳动力市场运行机制。
[Abstract]:With the gradual deepening of the rapid development of economy and the China reform, in the process of income distribution, "the price determined by the market" play mechanism becomes more and more important. At the same time, expanding employment and income gap has gradually become the main problems of Chinese labor market. The new generation of migrant workers has been full of hope and longing for the city's employment and life. However China labor market has been in the diverse state, they are in the city among the actual employment situation and the income level is far lower than the originally expected. This makes the new generation of migrant workers' psychological gap greatly. It is also one of the reasons why in the coastal areas the phenomenon of shortage of migrant workers. Employers to recruit workers, not only hinders local economic development, from a macroscopic point of view, but also on the whole Have a negative impact on economic development and social harmony in China. In order to eliminate the unharmonious factors hindering the economic development and social stability, we need to solve in the labor market segmentation in the employment and income of the new generation of migrant workers. This study mainly from the labor market segmentation as the entry point, to answer the following questions income: the new generation of migrant workers and city residents compared to what is the difference? How many of them are caused by unequal factors? In urban and rural areas, industry, region segmentation will result in the new generation of migrant workers employment of workers in the city in the process of discrimination and inequality? What are the countermeasures to eliminate the new generation of migrant workers employment discrimination and income according to the equality problem? CHIP China national household income survey data, using a variety of measurement methods to analyze these issues. To use the Mincerian wage equation, multiple regression method and the decomposition of income, the new generation of migrant workers income and employment for city residents were compared by analysis of the employment discrimination and income inequality causes and extent of treatment, and the interaction mechanism of the new generation of migrant workers employment discrimination and income inequality, according to the research presented new generation of migrant workers to improve employment quantity and Countermeasures to enhance their level of income. The results show that: 1. whether between groups or within each employee has the income gap, through individual endowment difference theory can well explain the difference of the other part, the results pointed out that employment discrimination is mainly the difference as well as the new generation of migrant workers the female labor force suffered by.2. in terms of occupation, compared with urban residents, the new generation of migrant workers in high income In the industry of professional and technical personnel and service personnel by two job discrimination. But in the management unit, instrument operator and commercial services will be subject to reverse discrimination (economic labor market overvalued local residents, which means overvalued) in the occupation of the crowd, with local residents can get all kinds of proof of identity or economic system on the preferential policies. In addition, the occupation of migrant workers by treatment is changing from direct to indirect discrimination by indirect discrimination, inequality, unfair policies. The person in charge of a single female labor, personnel and equipment operation staff of three kinds of occupation are obtained with discrimination and reverse discrimination in business and service personnel for urban public occupation of women in labor (economic market overvalued male labor market value) in professional and technical staff and ordinary. The staff's employees are on the female labor force in two groups were.3. into discrimination in the industry, compared with urban residents, the new generation of migrant workers in the middle level of wages by occupation into a certain degree of discrimination, and in the manufacturing industry, construction industry and consulting industry etc. the first industry and the health education, scientific and technical services the financial industry, insurance industry and other three industries to enter, there is reverse discrimination in the new generation of migrant workers (market valuation of city residents labor value). Sex discrimination of female workers, the new generation of migrant workers often suffer discrimination in low income into the occupation. In the middle income occupation, the new generation of migrant workers labor women general discrimination. In high wage industries, compared with the new generation of migrant workers in the male and female labor market (there is a reverse discrimination Overestimation of male labor value).4. market high level of economic development area, there are migrant workers and urban residents' income gap is higher. The local market economy level is high, suggesting that the rate of return to education degree is high, but the rate of return to education unfairness caused by the new generation of Farmers Education and local residents' education level difference, accept the training of technology gaps, and the widening income gap. Although the new generation of migrant workers in the development of the market economy in a high level of discrimination against migrant workers, but the income was the relationship between discrimination and economic market environment is not large. In the developed area of 1 areas (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai) of the new generation of migrant workers income the degree of discrimination is deep, the underdeveloped region 3 (Midwest) of the new generation of migrant workers income discrimination contains more content. In addition, two regions There is not universal.5. discrimination analysis from the industry level, the new generation of migrant workers income, in the manufacturing industry, construction industry is relatively large areas of the new generation of migrant workers income and the income gap of residents in the city, culture and education, government departments were smaller. In the labor intensive labor, strong toxicity of the new generation of migrant workers by occupation. Income is low. From the analysis of discrimination against migrant workers occupation distribution discrimination, is very serious in the finance and insurance industry wage discrimination; in science and education, traffic transport field income discrimination must pay attention to the government; low income discrimination; catering services income discrimination greatly; in the manufacturing industry, construction industry relative income discrimination the lower.6. of the new generation of migrant workers from job discrimination in income level analysis, catering, retail and other service industries have serious income and job discrimination, the promotion on the convenient The same is not fair; in the finance and insurance, traffic transport, postal and telecommunications service, widespread discrimination in income, but the promotion is fair; in the construction industry, the manufacturing industry in the equal income type discrimination basically does not exist, but there is a serious deviation of position promotion; in science and education, government agencies and other industries, income discrimination and the promotion of discrimination is low. Finally, this paper on the basis of research and analysis, put forward suggestions to improve the new generation of migrant workers employment and income inequality. The elimination of the new generation of migrant workers in employment and income inequality, is to reform the household registration system in the system. The household registration system and social factors are limit the free flow of labor, resulting in the serious segmentation of the labor market, is the cause of household discrimination cause. Therefore, we must deepen the reform of household registration system, employment system and social security system, To build the integration of urban and rural areas, perfect, fair, efficient labor market environment, population employment and household detachment, ensure the new generation of migrant workers in employment, income and welfare and other rights and interests, to reduce or eliminate the people appear in the process of employment discrimination. At the same time, reduce the monopoly industries and competitive industries the income gap between the development of informal employment, to promote the generation of the number of migrant workers income and improve the quality of employment; the introduction of anti employment discrimination laws and regulations, in order to perfect the legal system of anti discrimination in employment; improving the quality of the new generation of migrant workers, in order to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of labor force; to promote the city welfare system reform, to achieve the equalization of public services; eliminate multiple segmentation the labor market, in order to improve the operating mechanism of labor market.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F323.6;F249.2;F124.7
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本文编号：1447557