中国劳动力市场职业分割及户籍隔离对工资差异的影响研究

发布时间：2018-01-21 12:05

  本文关键词： 职业分割 职业隔离 户籍歧视 工资差异 劳动力市场分割　出处：《首都经济贸易大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在市场经济环境中,职业本身对劳动者的知识和技能有相应的要求,工资是劳动价值的反映,劳动能力的差别导致了工资的差异,处于劳动力市场较高层次的部门和职业不会接受低人力资本存量的劳动力。随着我国市场化改革的深入,体制性的障碍将会越来越削弱,因劳动力异质性而形成的劳动力市场的职业分割将成为一种重要的劳动力市场分割形式。但我们知道中国劳动力市场分割的根源在于以户籍制度为主的一系列的制度安排,尤其是在我国由农业社会向工业化社会的转型过程中,由内生性经济因素引起的产业和职业结构升级转型的过程中,以户籍制度为代表的制度性和社会性因素与劳动力市场职业分割相互交织,不同户籍劳动者在不同层级职业上存在明显的隔离的现象。本文认为离清我国劳动力市场的职业分割的程度、是否存在职业的户籍隔离以及职业分割及户籍隔离对工资差异的影响,对了解我国劳动力市场的运行状况、制定正确的劳动力市场政策、促进劳动生产率的提高以及促进就业和收入的公平有着重要积极的作用。本文首先在了解中国职业发展概况的基础上采用聚类分析方法对我国劳动力市场职业分割的现状进行了测度和分析,并且采用多元离散选择模型对影响劳动力职业获得的因素进行了实证分析。同时对不同层级职业间工资差异进行了比较,采用样本选择纠偏工资方程以及基于分位数回归的Melly分解法对职业工资的决定机制及职业工资差异形成的原因进行了理论和实证分析。其次,在职业分割的基础上采用邓肯指数等方法对职业的户籍隔离状况进行了测度及分析;并且从生产力及产业发展、社会分工等内生性经济因素以及制度性、社会性因素等方面对我国职业户籍隔离的形成进行了理论解释;同时,还从城乡劳动者人力资本投资两极化趋势和教育的家庭和社会再生产机制两个方面分析了职业户籍隔离的维持机制。文章还以不同户籍劳动者的工资为研究对象,采用基于Appleton分解的改进方法,从城乡户籍隔离(城镇户籍与农村户籍)和区域户籍隔离(本地户籍和外地户籍)两个角度,实证了由户籍歧视引起的职业获得障碍造成的工资差异以及职业内“同工不同酬”造成的工资差异分别占到总的户籍别工资差异的比重。通过以上的研究,本文得出以下结论:①在市场经济体制中,因劳动力异质性而形成的劳动力市场的职业分割将成为一种重要的劳动力市场分割类型,劳动者素质和人力资本水平在职业获得和工资收入中发挥着越来越重要的作用。无论是城镇户籍与农村户籍劳动者,还是本地和外地户籍劳动者之间的工资差异有70%以上是因为劳动力本身的人力资本和自然禀赋等个体特征差异造成的。②我国的劳动力市场上仍然存在比较严重的职业户籍隔离现象,职业的进入障碍对户籍别工资的影响要远远大于职业内“同工不同酬”引起的工资差异。这其中对农村户籍劳动者的歧视引起的职业获得障碍造成的工资差异占到总工资差异的28.41%;对外地户籍劳动者的歧视引起的职业获得障碍造成的工资差异占到总工资差异的15.55%,对本地户籍劳动者的优惠为6.31%。③职业间的工资水平差异较大,但职业间的工资差异绝大部分并不是人力资本水平等个体特征造成的,而是包含了制度性和社会性歧视等因素的影响。④职业上的城乡隔离要远远大于区域隔离,城镇比农村户籍劳动者在职业获得和工资收入上更有优势;对外地户籍劳动者的歧视仍然是存在的,在无歧视状态下,外地户籍劳动者应该获得更高层级的职业和工资收入。⑤我国职业结构中农业相关职业比重偏大,专业技术类职业比重偏小,职业结构的现代化和高级化程度还相对较低,职业分割在我国的最直接的表现是低层级职业劳动者的比重较大,并且难以向高层级职业发展。
[Abstract]:In the market economy environment, occupation itself on workers' knowledge and skills have the corresponding requirements, reflects the value of labor wages, labor ability differences led to differences in wages in the labor market, the higher level departments and occupation will not accept low human capital stock labor. With the deepening of market reform, system barriers will be increasingly weakened, occupation due to the formation of labor heterogeneity and segmentation of the labor market will become an important form of labor market segmentation. But we know that the root of Chinese labor market segmentation is a series of institutional arrangements based on the household registration system, especially the transition from agricultural society to industrial society. In our country, caused by endogenous economic factors of industry and occupation structure transformation process, represented by the household registration system and agency system Will the factor of labor market segmentation occupation intertwined, different household workers there are obvious segregation in different levels of occupation on the phenomenon. This paper argues that from the Qing occupation of China's labor market segmentation degree, whether there is influence of household occupation isolation and occupation segmentation and isolation of the household wage differences, to understand the operation condition of our country the labor market, formulate correct labor market policies to promote the improvement of labor productivity and plays an important positive role in promoting employment and income equality. Firstly, based on understanding the situation of occupation development on Chinese used cluster analysis to our country occupation status of labor market segmentation were measured and analyzed, and using multiple discrete select the model of the empirical analysis of influencing factors of labor obtain occupation. At the same time for different levels of occupation wage The differences were compared with the sample selection correction equation and the reasons for the formation of occupation wage wage decision mechanism and occupation wage differentials quantile regression based on Melly decomposition method of theoretical and empirical analysis. Secondly, based on the household occupation segmentation segregation Duncan index method to measure and analysis of occupation from the productivity and the development of the industry; and, by economic factors and the system of social division of labor, social factors such as the formation of our country occupation census register isolation were theoretically explained; at the same time, also from the two aspects of the polarization of the human capital investment of urban and rural workers trend and education of family and social reproduction mechanism analysis of maintaining mechanism of occupation Hukou isolation. The article also to different household workers' wages as the research object, using the improved method based on Appleton decomposition, from the city Rural household isolation (urban and rural Hukou household registration hukou) and regional isolation (local household registration and non permanent) two aspects of the empirical wage differences caused by the discrimination of census register and obtain the obstacles caused by the occupation occupation within the "equal pay for equal work" caused respectively accounted for total household wage differences don't proportion. Through the above research, this paper draws the following conclusions: 1. In the market economic system, occupation segmentation due to the formation of labor heterogeneity and the labor market will become an important type of labor market segmentation, the quality of workers and the level of human capital is playing an increasingly important role in the occupation and income in both towns. Household and rural household workers, or wage differences between local and migrant workers have more than 70% because of labor's human capital and natural resources Cause such differences in individual characteristics. Occupation census register isolation phenomenon still exists in our country, the labor market, wage differences impact on household occupation entry barriers do not pay is much greater than the occupation of "equal pay for equal work" caused. The wage difference of rural household labor discrimination caused by occupation was the obstacles caused by the differences of the total wages accounted for 28.41%; migrant workers wage differences on discrimination caused by the occupation for the obstacles caused by the total wage difference is 15.55%, the local household registration workers preferential wages 6.31%. occupation as the difference between the large, but the wage differences between occupation most is not the level of human capital individual characteristics such as cause, but includes the effect of institutional and social discrimination and other factors. The occupation of the urban and rural isolation is much greater than the regional isolation ,鍩庨晣姣斿啘鏉戞埛绫嶅姵鍔ㄨ，

本文编号：1451430