有限与无限：新加坡与台湾地区政治竞争比较研究

发布时间：2018-04-10 19:56

本文选题：政治竞争 + 民主政治　；参考：《中共中央党校》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：政治竞争,顾名思义就是人类社会政治领域的竞争活动,按照一般理解,它应该是伴随着人类政治活动的出现就诞生了,其存续时间远远长于民主政治的历史,其本身也没有过多的意识形态色彩,更多的是一种对人类政治活动内涵的描述。但令人颇为费解的是,这一古老而又重要的政治现象却没有多少成熟的研究成果,甚至其在现代政治学上的概念本身都十分模糊,这不得不说是一件十分令人遗憾的事情。回顾历史,政治竞争贯穿于古今所有政体的更替兴亡,也必将伴随着未来人类政治变迁的历程。有鉴于此,通过对政治竞争进行分类研究并系统比较不同政治竞争类型的国家或地区的制度变迁与运行情况,将有助于人们思考和解决当今世界不同国家和地区面临的各类政治问题,也很有可能探索出一条有别于传统政治民主化视角的新的政治学研究路径,其现实意义和理论意义都是十分可观的。对于政治竞争的研究必须首先明晰其概念,这要从竞争与人类社会竞争的概念及内涵入手,通过将竞争的普遍性特征与人类社会活动的特殊性规律相结合来进行归纳推演。其次,要分析政治竞争与现代民主政治之间的关系,并且根据政治竞争的强度变化与现代民主政治的政治基础之间的互动关系将其划分为有限政治竞争和无限政治竞争,同时明确这两类政治竞争的概念。再次,进一步分析政治竞争的制度构成,包括政治资源分配机制和格局、政治竞争更新机制、政治价值构建和维持机制、政治竞争行为激励机制等。新加坡和中国台湾地区分别是有限政治竞争和无限政治竞争在当今世界政治中的典型代表性区域,本文对于这两个地区政治竞争的内容现状、形成过程、制度后果进行了系统的分析比较。首先,笔者之所以对它们的政治竞争类型做出这样的判断区分,主要是依据目前新台两地在政体架构、政治活动主体、政治资源分布与力量对比、政治竞争运行现状等方面的基本情况。新加坡的有限政治竞争和台湾地区的无限政治竞争在制度构成上也同样差异显著,对其进行结构性的横向比较将有助于人们更为清晰的观察两者差别。其次,历史制度主义是考察分析新加坡和台湾地区政治竞争形成过程的理想工具。以政治竞争为主要关注对象,对新台两地在第二次世界大战后的政治制度变迁历程进行历史分期可以发现,新加坡政治走过是一条“无竞争——有限竞争形成——有限竞争巩固”的政治发展道路,而台湾政治则是经历了“政治垄断——有限竞争——无限竞争”的政治发展道路。两者的政治竞争之所以从相似的起点走向了不同的发展方向,主要是由于两者在各自制度变迁的“关键节点”上经历了影响因素在强弱构成和时间顺序上不同组合。另外,制度变迁中的主要政治行为者、路径依赖和意外因素也是影响新加坡和台湾地区政治竞争体制最终出现显著差别的重要原因。最后,对于新加坡有限政治竞争和台湾地区无限政治竞争的制度后果比较主要是围绕该类型政治竞争对于民主制度的政治基础、政治市场的运行、经济社会发展的作用而展开的。通过这种比较会发现,正是由于政治竞争模式上的差别才导致了20世纪90年代以后台湾地区同新加坡在政治、经济、社会等领域的发展差距逐渐拉大。世界上没有完美的政治制度,也没有永恒不变的政治竞争模式。新加坡和台湾地区政治竞争模式在未来的可能走向也十分值得关注。新加坡的有限政治竞争模式在实践中的表现良好,但也存在着潜在缺陷和现实的脆弱性,在可预见的短时期内将保持稳固,但在中长期内很有可能要经受更多考验。台湾地区的无限政治竞争模式在现实中已经形成十分稳固的维持存续条件,在可预见的时期内都很难发生方向性的改变,而且在当前“台独”势力、民粹主义日渐上升的形势下很有可能导致台湾走向螺旋式的政治衰败。新加坡和台湾地区的政治竞争发展历程与实践经验,能够比较好的帮助人们认识政治竞争同现代民主政治的关系以及不同类型的政治竞争能够对政治发展、经济发展、社会运行等人类活动领域产生的重要影响。对于后发国家而言,无限政治竞争无疑是十分糟糕的选择,会给国家发展和人民生活改善增添更多障碍而非助力,而能够保持政府效能和政治制度稳定运行的有限政治竞争或许是一种政治发展模式的可行选择。
[Abstract]:Political competition, as the name suggests is the competition in the field of human social and political activities, in accordance with the general understanding, it should be accompanied by the political activities of human being is born, the survival time is much longer than the democratic political history, the ideology itself is not too much, more is a kind of human political activities connotation description. But what is puzzling is that this ancient and important political phenomenon but not many mature research results, even in the concept of modern political science itself is very fuzzy, have to say this is a very regrettable thing. Historically, political competition throughout the ancient and modern all the replacement regime will rise and fall, the course will be accompanied by the future of human political change. In view of this, through the research on the classification of political competition and comparison of different types of political competition system of the country or region The institutional change and operation, will help people to think and solve all kinds of problems in today's political world in different countries and regions, is also likely to explore a different from the traditional view of political democratization of the new political science research path, its practical significance and theoretical significance are very considerable. For the study of the political competition must first clarify the concept, it should start from the concept and connotation of competition and the competition of human society, the particularity of the competition of universality and human social activities of the combination of inductive inference. Secondly, to analyze the relationship between political competition and modern democratic politics, and the is divided into limited political competition and unlimited political competition based on the relationship between the political basis of strength change of political competition and democracy, while clearly the two kinds of political competition. Read. Again, a further analysis of the political system of competition, including the political resource allocation mechanism and the pattern of political competition, update mechanism, political values construction and maintenance mechanism, political competition and incentive mechanism. China Singapore and Taiwan area are typical representative areas of limited political competition and unlimited political competition in today's world politics. The contents of the status quo, the political competition in the two areas of the formation process of the system results are analyzed and compared. First of all, the reason why their political competition types make such a judgment is mainly based on the distinction between Taiwan and the new regime in architecture, political activity subject, political resource distribution and balance of power, the basic situation political competition running status and other aspects. Singapore Limited political competition and the region of Taiwan is also in the unlimited political competition system formed on Significant differences, the structural comparison will help more people to observe the difference is clear. Secondly, historical institutionalism is an ideal tool to study political competition analysis of Singapore and Taiwan formation process. In political competition as the main concern, the new Taiwan in the course of political system changes in the Second World War the history can be found through Singapore politics is a "no competition, limited competition form - limited competition consolidate the political development path, and the politics of Taiwan is experiencing the" political monopoly, limited competition - unlimited competition "the road of political development. The political competition is similar to the starting point the different development direction, is mainly due to the institutional change in their respective" key nodes "experienced factors in composition and strength Different combinations of sequence of time. In addition, the main political actors in institutional change, an important reason for the path dependence and accidental factors also influence the political competition system of Singapore and Taiwan finally appeared significant difference. Finally, the system of the consequences for Singapore Limited political competition and Taiwan District unlimited political competition is mainly based on the comparison of political political types the competition for democracy, political market, and expand the role of the economic and social development. Through this comparison will find that it is because of the difference of political competition pattern has led to the Taiwan area after 1990s with Singapore in the political, economic, social and other fields of the development gap gradually widening. There is no perfect political system the world is not an eternal political competition mode. Singapore and Taiwan in the political competition mode in the future can be To is also very worthy of attention. Singapore Limited political competition model in practice is good, but there are also potential vulnerability defects and reality, in a short period of time in the foreseeable will remain stable, but in the long term is likely to undergo more tests. Unlimited political competition mode in Taiwan area has formed a very stable to maintain the conditions of existence in reality, in the foreseeable period are difficult to occur change in direction, but also in the "Taiwan independence" forces, the populist rising situation is likely to lead Taiwan to the spiral of political decline. The development process of political competition and practice experience of Singapore and Taiwan area, better able to help people understand the political competition relations with modern democratic politics as well as different types of political competition to political development, economic development, social operation etc. Influence of human activities in the field. For the developing countries, unlimited political competition is undoubtedly a very bad choice for national development and the improvement of people's life to add more obstacles rather than power, and to maintain the government efficiency and stable operation of the political system of limited political competition may be possible to select a mode of political development.

【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D733.9;D675.8

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