农村公共资源治理机制研究

发布时间：2018-04-13 15:05

本文选题：农村 + 公共资源　；参考：《石河子大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：从经济学意义上讲,公共资源指的是同时具有非排他性以及竞争性的物品,是一种能够供所有社会成员共同使用的资源,但是,由于有效集体行动的实施具有其困难性,在公共资源开发与利用过程中容易产生“公地悲剧”现象,进而造成公共资源的过度使用、枯竭、系统恶化以及利用效率降低等问题。本文将从以下两个方面对农村公共资源治理问题进行研究:首先,对农村公共资源治理理论的框架进行分析;其次,通过对制度分析与发展(IAD)理论方法的应用,对政府(科层)治理机制、市场治理机制、社区治理机制以及多主体(中心)参与式治理机制的治理结构与其达到治理目的的方式进行比较分析。在整个研究的设计方面,首先对我国农村公共资源的基本属性进行了基本分析,并且借助于三个经典模型-公地悲剧理论、囚徒困境模型、集体行动逻辑,探讨了农村公共资源治理的困境与成因;然后,借鉴“治理”理论的研究成果,提出了农村公共资源治理的机制框架。在此基础上,以新疆玛纳斯流域水资源治理为例,对其治理结构进行了比较研究,对政府(科层)治理机制、市场治理机制、社区治理治理机制这三种治理结构在农村公共水资源实际的治理过程中的绩效进行了全面的分析与评价。本论文的研究结论是:第一,政府(科层)治理的优势在于能够对农村公共资源利用的总量进行合理的控制以及在治理过程中是否具有公正性、公平性等方面进行评价与判定。然而,这种治理方式在社会适应性以及治理效率的提升方面不具有比较优势。如果在公共资源治理过程中,通过中央计划的方式来对其进行总量方面的控制,必然会存在高昂的实施成本以及信息的不对称等问题,从而导致无法制定出切实而合理的控制标准。由于不确定性等因素常常出现,这种计划性的总量控制方式很难根据实际情况的变化而采取相应的措施,因而在治理过程中,效率比较低下;同时在实际执行方面也存在着一定的难度。我国的基本国情决定了我国资源治理决策者对公共资源利用当中的公平性问题关注程度较高,然而,公平性的过分强调必然会造成效率的损失,这种政治倾斜性是导致农村公共资源浪费现象严重的主要原因。第二,将市场机制引入到公共资源治理过程中,能够提高农村公共资源治理效率。但是,市场机制运作过程中公共资源的产权交易以及污染权交易都无法回避高额的交易成本问题。可以说,较高的交易成本的存在使得市场机制在公共资源治理规程中所能起到的作用不断弱化。通过制定相应法律的方式对公共资源的产权制度进行明确的界定,能够在一定程度上提高市场机制在农村公共资源配置过程中的效率。第三,社区参与是一种有别于传统公共资源治理机制的农村公共资源治理的崭新模式,通过社区中所有个体成员的积极参与,能够克服信息不对称以及适应性问题。当社区的整体利益存在高度趋同并且在社会资本方面具有一定程度的积累时,集体行动方式容易产生的违背承诺、监督问题均能够得到较好的解决。通过各类协会形式参与治理活动的自主治理方式对农村公共资源配置有其自然优势。如对于玛纳斯河流域灌溉系统这类为相对稳定人群服务的公共资源,可以采取通过由直接使用人或者说受益人自主进行研究、开发、使用以及维护的手段来达到解决公共水资源合理利用的最终目的,尤其是对于在某些属性上具有同质性的使用者来说,这种自主治理的方式能够在相当大的程度上解决“搭便车”问题。第四,由于公共资源具有自然属性以及社会属性的双重属性,农村公共资源治理过程变得尤为复杂。实践证明,没有一种管理体制能够解决公共资源管理所面临的综合性问题。多层次以及多中心的复合治理体制,能够在一定程度上实现公共资源的可持续利用;而这种复合治理机制的建立,不仅需要通过政府的宏观调控来实现总量控制,还需引入市场机制用以优化公共资源配置,同时还需要社区、公众等主体的共同参与,从而形成多中心治理的新格局。总之,在农村公共资源治理过程中,通过多元参与以及协商互动的方式,能够提升复合治理体制的运行效率,以达到推动公共资源治理的良性发展的目的。本文的理论新探索在于:通过农村公共资源治理机制的研究,极大地丰富了乡村治理的多样性,也为乡村治理机制研究的理论提供了依据。作为一种政治经济领域的研究视角,治理理论对于研究和分析我国该领域的问题有着重要的参考价值,同时也从一个新的角度探讨了乡村治理出现的机制问题。
[Abstract]:In economics, public resources refers to both non exclusive and competitive goods, is a kind of available to all members of society, the common use of the resources, but due to the difficulties of implementing effective collective action, in public resources development and utilization in the process to produce the "tragedy of the commons" phenomenon. The excessive use of public resources, resulting in the depletion, deterioration and reduce the efficiency of system. This paper will study from the following two aspects of public resource governance problems in rural areas: first, the rural public resource governance framework of theory analysis; secondly, based on the institutional analysis and development (IAD) theory and method of application the government (section), governance mechanism, governance, community governance mechanism and multi subject (Center) of the governance structure of participatory governance mechanism and achieve the objective of Governance Way Comparative analysis. In the design of the research, firstly, the basic properties of public resources in rural areas in China is analyzed, and based on the three classic model of tragedy theory, the prisoner's dilemma model, the logic of collective action, discusses the situation and causes of trapped rural public resource governance; then, referring to the "research results of governance" theory, put forward the mechanism framework of rural public resource governance. On this basis, the management of water resources in Xinjiang River Basin in Manasi as an example, the governance structure makes a comparative study on the government (bureaucracy) governance mechanism, market governance mechanism, governance governance structures of these three kinds of community governance in the actual governance mechanism the rural public water resources in performance are analyzed and evaluated comprehensively. The conclusions of this paper are: first, the government (Department) management has the advantage that the rural public resources total The amount of reasonable control and governance in the process of justice, fairness and other aspects of the evaluation and judgment. However, this kind of governance in social adaptability and governance efficiency improvement. If you do not have a comparative advantage in the public resource management process, through the central planning to control the amount of it will implement the high cost and the problems of information asymmetry, resulting in the failure to make a practical and reasonable control standard. Due to the uncertainty and other factors often occur, the total control way this kind of plan is very difficult to change in the actual situation and take corresponding measures, so in the process of governance, efficiency comparison low; there are also some problems in the actual execution. The basic situation of our country determines that China resources management decision-makers on the use of public resources The fairness of the higher degree of concern, however, too much emphasis on fairness will inevitably result in the loss of efficiency, the political inclination is the main cause of rural public resources waste phenomenon is serious. Second, the market mechanism should be introduced into public resources in the process of governance, to improve the efficiency of rural public resource governance. However, public resources the market mechanism in the process of property rights trading and pollution rights transaction can avoid high transaction costs. It can be said that the transaction costs are high because of the market mechanism can play in public resource governance rules in weakening the role. Through the formulation of relevant laws on public resources property rights are clearly defined that can improve the efficiency of the market mechanism in the process of allocation of public resources in rural areas in a certain extent. Third, community participation is different from. A new model of rural public resource management system of public resource governance mechanism, through the active participation of all individual members of the community, to overcome the information asymmetry and adaptability. When the interests of the whole community are highly similar and have a certain degree in social capital accumulation, contrary to the commitments prone to collective action problems, supervision to get a better solution. The natural advantages of the rural public resources allocation through self governance in governance activities of all kinds of forms. As for the association of irrigation system in Manasi river basin such as public resources relatively stable population services, can be taken by direct use or beneficiary independent research, development, use and maintenance the way to solve the ultimate goal of the rational use of public water resources, especially in some genera of With the homogeneity of the users, this kind of self governance way to solve the problem of "free ride" to a large extent. Fourth, because of the public resources has the dual attributes of natural attribute and social attribute, the process of rural public resource governance is particularly complex. Practice has proved that without a comprehensive management system can solve problems of public resource management faces. Composite multilevel and multi center governance system, to achieve the sustainable use of public resources to a certain extent; and the establishment of such complex governance mechanisms, not only by the government's macro-control to achieve total control, but also need to introduce the market mechanism to optimize the allocation of public resources, but also to the community and public participation in the common body, so as to form a new pattern of multi center governance. In short, in the process of rural public resource governance, through Participate in and negotiation, can improve the operating efficiency of the composite governance system, promote the benign development of public resource governance in order to achieve the objective of this paper is to explore the new theory. Through the study of rural public resource governance mechanism, greatly enriched the diversity of rural governance, but also provide the basis for the research on the mechanism of governance the country perspective theory. As a kind of political economy, governance theory to study and analyze the problems in the field of our country has important reference value, but also from a new perspective and explores the mechanism of rural governance problems.

【学位授予单位】：石河子大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D422.6

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