人格与财产双重视域下墓地的民法保护研究

发布时间：2018-05-30 02:42

  本文选题：墓地 + 类人身　； 参考：《中央财经大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：本文的基本命题为:我国宜构建物权性墓地使用权制度。本文的研究重点在于墓地保护的民法机理与物权性墓地使用权的构建,进而探究墓地保护的历史源流,探讨墓地的权利属性优劣,评析当前墓地现状及其纠纷的缘由。经由此项研究,尝试回答四个子问题:墓地保护的历史正当性为何?墓地保护的民法机理何在?物权性墓地使用权的优越性为何?物权性墓地使用权制度应如何构建?第一章为绪论。该章对本文选题的缘由及其意义作了析明,并分别梳理、归纳了在人格和财产的不同视角下,中外学界对于墓地民法保护所涉内容的研究现状。同时,为使本文论证逻辑顺当、结构严谨,限定了本文的研究对象并归纳了论文的主要研究方法。第二章探究墓地的缘起和演变的历史过程。论述层面分为法律制度与法律思想两大层次,俾与后三章前后呼应,拟一气展现我国古代墓地制度变迁之脉络,并立足于历史学、考古学、人类学和民俗学的外部视角,抽象人格因素在墓地制度演变进程中的表现与作用,以论证墓地保护的历史正当性。本章亦致力发掘传统墓葬文化对国家治理的基本政策之影响,提示墓地保护的历史必然性。同时,亦探寻至今可借鉴的中国化制度资源。第三章论述墓地保护的民法机理。此章节系墓地保护的法理基础,论证墓地保护的合理性,分为两个部分进行论述。其一,评析死者有形人身遗存的法律属性。通过历史的、逻辑的、伦理的和法释义学的综合考量,可以得出,死者有形人身遗存蕴含着人性伦理要素,即人类作为物种享有的人类尊严,由此,该客体不可交易但可移转,具有专属性,可准用人身的规则,属于类人身。同时,将绝对身份权和人类尊严纳入到死者有形人身遗存的权益构造中,并通过建立和运用“人类尊严紧密度原则”,不但能够较好地修正传统民法人物二分理论在解释因死者人身遗骸产生的人体生物利用与人性伦理之间价值冲突时的不足,而且有助于证成墓地的法律属性。其二,评析墓地的法律属性。在民法人文主义的情怀下,具体人的领域向财产扩张,墓地因死者的人身遗骸而具有人格因素。该人格因素是基于何种缘由可得到民法的承认与保护?该问题贯穿论述始终,通过对民法人文情怀的演进与精神损害赔偿的实质分析,笔者认为“人格物”系墓地的法律属性。该章为后续章节的研究提供了现代民法理论预案。第四章辨析墓地的权利属性,以此论证物权性墓地使用权的优越性。鉴于土地制度的复杂性,我国墓地上所有权与使用权并存。墓地作为客体的法律属性仅能表明对其保护的合理性,而从本章对墓地上的土地使用权属性的优劣比较分析可知,债权性墓地使用权在对墓地所有权的限制、权利期限、征收补偿、权利转让等方面存在较大的缺陷,尚不能支撑对墓地的有效保护,物权性墓地使用权有较好的保护效果。该章系构建物权性墓地使用权的理论基础。第五章反思我国墓地保护的现状,以此揭示墓地保护的现实可行性,在此基础上提出构建物权性墓地使用权的合理方案。该章的论证与实证分析方法紧密结合,始终联系我国墓地制度的行政、司法和民俗现实,将现有墓地分为两类四种,即私人墓地与公共墓地两大类,通过寻回被“遗忘”的墓地权利、归整司法案例和行政实践经验、发现民间习惯,为墓地使用权制度的构建提供现实性基础。墓地使用权的构建系基于上述各章与本章前段的论证。当前,可利用民法解释学将墓地使用权解释为建设用地使用权的特殊类别,以弥补现有规定的不足。民法典制定时,一方面可确立习惯的民法法源地位以规制历史上的私人墓地,另一方面在用益物权中确立墓地使用权以适用公共墓地,以此以协调和消除墓地上的权益冲突。第六章为结论。该章系对本文主要观点和主要贡献的总结,同时对基于本文的下一步研究方向做出了说明。本文二、三、四、五章亦为各主要观点的独立论证单元,各观点之间具有逻辑递进关系,基于人格和财产的视角的论证思路为各章融合的中心链条,如此可构成较为完整的墓地民法保护研究。
[Abstract]:The basic proposition of this article is: our country should construct the right system of right to use the cemetery. This paper focuses on the civil law mechanism of the cemetery protection and the construction of the right to use the real right graveyard, then explores the historical origin of the cemetery protection, explores the right and bad of the cemetery, and evaluates the origin of the status of the former cemetery and its disputes. To answer the four sub questions: what is the historical legitimacy of the cemetery protection? What is the civil law mechanism of the cemetery protection? What is the superiority of the right to use the real right graveyard? How should the system of the right to use the real right graveyard be constructed? The first chapter is the introduction. At the same time, the Chinese and foreign scholars have studied the present situation of the civil law protection of the cemetery. At the same time, in order to make the argument logical, the structure is strict, the research object of this article is limited and the main research method of the paper is summed up. The second chapter explores the origin and the historical process of the cemetery. The discussion is divided into legal system. There are two levels of degree and legal thought, which should be echoed with the latter three chapters. It is intended to show the context of the evolution of the ancient cemetery system in China, and based on the external perspective of history, archaeology, anthropology and folklore, the expression and function of abstract personality factors in the evolution process of the cemetery system, in order to demonstrate the historical legitimacy of the cemetery protection. To explore the influence of the traditional tomb culture on the basic policy of national governance, the historical inevitability of the conservation of the cemetery. At the same time, the Chinese system resources which can be used for reference are also explored. The third chapter discusses the civil law mechanism of the cemetery protection. This chapter is the legal basis of the cemetery protection, and discusses the rationality of the protection of the cemetery. It is divided into two parts. First, it evaluates the legal attributes of the dead body of the deceased. Through the comprehensive consideration of historical, logical, ethical and legal interpretations, it can be concluded that the body remains of the dead contain human ethical elements, that is, human dignity enjoyed by the human beings as a species, and this object can not be traded but can be transferred, with special properties, At the same time, the absolute identity and human dignity are incorporated into the rights and interests of the dead body, and by establishing and applying the principle of "strict density of human dignity", the two points theory of traditional civil law characters can not only be well amended to explain the human biological benefits of the remains of the dead. The inadequacy of the conflict between the value of the ethics of human nature and the legal attribute of the cemetery. Secondly, to evaluate the legal attributes of the cemetery. Under the humanistic sentiments of the civil law, the specific person's field is expanded to the property, and the cemetery has a personality factor because of the remains of the deceased. The issue of recognition and protection? This issue runs through the discussion. Through the analysis of the evolution of human feelings in civil law and the substantial analysis of the compensation for spiritual damage, the author believes that the "personality" is the legal attribute of the cemetery. This chapter provides a modern civil law theoretical plan for the study of the subsequent chapters. The fourth chapter analyzes the rights and attributes of the cemetery, so as to demonstrate the real property tombs. The superiority of the land use right. In view of the complexity of the land system, the ownership of the cemetery in China coexists with the right to use it. The legal attribute of the cemetery as the object can only show the rationality of its protection, and the use right of the cemetery is limited to the ownership of the cemetery from the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of this chapter on the property of the land use right on the cemetery. There are great defects in the period of right, compensation and transfer of rights. It can not support the effective protection of the cemetery, and the right to use the real right graveyard has a good protective effect. This chapter is the theoretical basis for the construction of the right to use the real right graveyard. The fifth chapter rethinks the present situation of the conservation of the cemetery in China so as to reveal the practical feasibility of the cemetery protection. On this basis, a reasonable scheme for the construction of the right to use the real right graveyard is put forward. The demonstration of this chapter is closely combined with the empirical analysis method. It always links the administrative, judicial and folk realities of the cemetery system in China, and divides the existing cemetery into two categories, four types, namely, the private cemetery and the public cemetery, and return the right to the "forgotten" cemetery by retrieving the rights of the "forgotten" cemetery. The establishment of the right to use the cemetery is based on the above chapters and the preceding paragraph. The right to use the cemetery can be interpreted as a special category of the right to use the construction land in order to make up for the existing provisions. On the one hand, the civil code system can be established to regulate the private cemetery in history, on the other hand, to establish the right to use the cemetery in the usufructuary right to apply the public cemetery, in order to coordinate and eliminate the conflict of rights and interests on the cemetery. The sixth chapter is the conclusion. This chapter is the main point of view and the main contribution of this chapter. The two, three, four, and five chapters of this paper are the independent demonstration units of the main points of view, and there is a logical progressive relationship between the various views. The argument based on the perspective of personality and property is the central chain of integration of the various chapters, thus forming a more complete civil law protection of the cemetery. Research.
【学位授予单位】：中央财经大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D923.2
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本文编号：1953574