唐代敦煌的教育研究
发布时间：2018-10-15 10:50
【摘要】：唐代的敦煌地区经历了唐代前期、吐蕃统治时期和归义军时期,在这段动荡的岁月里,敦煌的文化教育也因此受到影响。但是整体上来说,敦煌的文化教育没有衰退。因为教育有多种类型,例如官学、私学、寺学,即使某种教育类型因社会变迁而受到影响,但还有其它类型的教育方式传承文化。在敦煌地区的教育发展中,官学是敦煌地区的主要教育机构。唐代敦煌的官学主要传授的是儒学教育,学校教材也多以儒家典籍为主。这种教育状况与中原地区的学校教育状况相同。与此同时敦煌的官学内容除了儒学,还包含有道学、医学等其它学科的教育。私学是与官学相对而言的。南北朝时期学校教育受到战乱等因素衰退的时候,河西地区的私学成为暂时代替学校教育,传承儒家学术的教育机构。同样,以儒学教育为主的唐代敦煌私学配合官学的教育政策,以科举入仕为教育目标。同时,敦煌世家大族儒家学术的家学传承还形成了儒学家风,约束着敦煌大族的家庭成员遵守儒家礼教的道德规范。寺学是敦煌地区的特色教育形式,在吐蕃统治时期兴盛起来。寺学不同于传统的寺院修习方式,教师和学生均为僧俗两种,学习的内容也包含儒学和佛学。当官学、私学因为吐蕃人的文化政策影响而衰退时,寺学独特的佛儒双修的教学方式保留了敦煌汉族文化的传统,也造就了众多精通佛儒的高僧和名士,在保存儒家文化的同时,佛教也逐渐中国化,成为敦煌民众的一种信仰。在佛教文化逐渐被敦煌民众接受的过程中,佛教文化的世俗性体现了出来。佛教通过一些民间活动宣传佛教思想,佛教教化的功能也通过俗文学、俗文化等载体传播开来。除此之外,敦煌的民众在日常的生产生活中积累了大量的生产技术和生活经验,而这些技术和经验的推广也是以教育为媒介传播的。敦煌的官学、私学、寺学等教育都会受到社会变迁的影响。而敦煌地方政权的统治者是敦煌教育最直接的影响因素,因为上层社会政治经济体制制约着教育发展的状况,例如吐蕃统治时期官学、私学教育机构的衰退,寺学的兴盛,以及佛教文化在敦煌社会的影响力逐渐增强。此外,敦煌的世家大族在敦煌教育的发展进程中一直占据着重要的位置,对于敦煌教育的发展进程起到了重要作用,无论是敦煌的官学、私学还是寺学,都有敦煌的世家大族参与其中。
[Abstract]:The Dunhuang area of the Tang Dynasty experienced the period of the early Tang Dynasty, the period of Tubo rule and the period of Gui Rebellion. During this turbulent period, the culture and education of Dunhuang were also affected. But on the whole, Dunhuang culture and education has not declined. Because there are many types of education, such as official, private, monastery, even if a certain type of education is affected by social changes, but there are other types of education to pass on culture. In the development of education in Dunhuang area, official school is the main educational institution in Dunhuang area. The official school of Dunhuang in Tang Dynasty mainly imparted Confucianism education, and the school textbooks were mainly Confucian classics. This state of education is the same as that of schools in the Central Plains. In addition to Confucianism, Dunhuang's official studies also include education in Taoism, medicine and other disciplines. Private education is relative to official learning. During the decline of school education in the Northern and Southern dynasties, the private school in Hexi area became a temporary substitute for school education and passed on Confucianism. Similarly, the education policy of Dunhuang private school in Tang Dynasty, which is mainly Confucianism education, aims at the imperial examination. At the same time, the Confucian academic inheritance of the Dunhuang clan also formed the Confucian style, which restricted the family members of the Dunhuang clan to abide by the Confucian ethics. Temple study is the characteristic form of education in Dunhuang area, which flourished during the period of Tubo rule. The monastery is different from the traditional monastery practice. Teachers and students are both monk and vulgar. The contents of the study also include Confucianism and Buddhism. When official and private studies declined because of the cultural policy of the Tubo people, the unique teaching method of Buddhist Buddhism and Confucianism preserved the tradition of Dunhuang Han nationality culture, and created many eminent monks and celebrities who were proficient in Buddhism and Confucianism. While preserving Confucian culture, Buddhism gradually became a belief of Dunhuang people. In the process of Buddhist culture being accepted by Dunhuang people, the secularity of Buddhist culture is embodied. Buddhism propagandizes Buddhist thought through some folk activities, the function of Buddhism enlightenment also spreads through the carrier of vulgar literature and vulgar culture. In addition, Dunhuang people accumulated a lot of production technology and life experience in their daily production and life, and the spread of these technologies and experiences was also spread through education. Dunhuang official, private, monastery and other education will be affected by social changes. The rulers of the local regime in Dunhuang were the most direct factors influencing the education of Dunhuang, because the political and economic system of the upper social society restricted the development of education, such as the decline of official schools, the decline of private educational institutions, and the prosperity of monasteries during the period of Tubo rule. And the influence of Buddhist culture in Dunhuang society gradually increased. In addition, the great families of Dunhuang have always occupied an important position in the development of Dunhuang education, which has played an important role in the development of Dunhuang education, whether it is the official, private or monastery studies of Dunhuang. Dunhuang families are involved in the family.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G529
本文编号：2272311
[Abstract]:The Dunhuang area of the Tang Dynasty experienced the period of the early Tang Dynasty, the period of Tubo rule and the period of Gui Rebellion. During this turbulent period, the culture and education of Dunhuang were also affected. But on the whole, Dunhuang culture and education has not declined. Because there are many types of education, such as official, private, monastery, even if a certain type of education is affected by social changes, but there are other types of education to pass on culture. In the development of education in Dunhuang area, official school is the main educational institution in Dunhuang area. The official school of Dunhuang in Tang Dynasty mainly imparted Confucianism education, and the school textbooks were mainly Confucian classics. This state of education is the same as that of schools in the Central Plains. In addition to Confucianism, Dunhuang's official studies also include education in Taoism, medicine and other disciplines. Private education is relative to official learning. During the decline of school education in the Northern and Southern dynasties, the private school in Hexi area became a temporary substitute for school education and passed on Confucianism. Similarly, the education policy of Dunhuang private school in Tang Dynasty, which is mainly Confucianism education, aims at the imperial examination. At the same time, the Confucian academic inheritance of the Dunhuang clan also formed the Confucian style, which restricted the family members of the Dunhuang clan to abide by the Confucian ethics. Temple study is the characteristic form of education in Dunhuang area, which flourished during the period of Tubo rule. The monastery is different from the traditional monastery practice. Teachers and students are both monk and vulgar. The contents of the study also include Confucianism and Buddhism. When official and private studies declined because of the cultural policy of the Tubo people, the unique teaching method of Buddhist Buddhism and Confucianism preserved the tradition of Dunhuang Han nationality culture, and created many eminent monks and celebrities who were proficient in Buddhism and Confucianism. While preserving Confucian culture, Buddhism gradually became a belief of Dunhuang people. In the process of Buddhist culture being accepted by Dunhuang people, the secularity of Buddhist culture is embodied. Buddhism propagandizes Buddhist thought through some folk activities, the function of Buddhism enlightenment also spreads through the carrier of vulgar literature and vulgar culture. In addition, Dunhuang people accumulated a lot of production technology and life experience in their daily production and life, and the spread of these technologies and experiences was also spread through education. Dunhuang official, private, monastery and other education will be affected by social changes. The rulers of the local regime in Dunhuang were the most direct factors influencing the education of Dunhuang, because the political and economic system of the upper social society restricted the development of education, such as the decline of official schools, the decline of private educational institutions, and the prosperity of monasteries during the period of Tubo rule. And the influence of Buddhist culture in Dunhuang society gradually increased. In addition, the great families of Dunhuang have always occupied an important position in the development of Dunhuang education, which has played an important role in the development of Dunhuang education, whether it is the official, private or monastery studies of Dunhuang. Dunhuang families are involved in the family.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G529
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