基于脑电信号分析的心理旋转认知加工机制研究

发布时间：2018-06-04 00:31

本文选题：空间认知 + 心理旋转　；参考：《中国人民解放军军事医学科学院》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：空间认知能力是人类智能的基本成分之一,在智力结构中扮演着相对独立的角色。视觉空间表象是空间认知能力解决问题的基础,而心理旋转测试作为表象研究中的典型实验范式,为空间表象研究提供了定量且客观的方法。随着研究者们越来越倾向于从信息加工的角度对人类智能进行研究,大量研究结果发现,心理旋转作为人类空间认知加工的基本操作之一,对被试空间认知能力有很好的预测作用。本研究以心理旋转实验为研究范式,对空间认知加工过程的机制进行了深入研究。研究目的是分解心理旋转任务加工流程,总结加工流程各步骤之间的关系,归纳心理旋转认知加工策略,揭示视觉工作记忆不同成分对心理旋转认知加工的影响及其机制,深化对大脑空间认知加工机制的理解。本研究以脑电信号分析技术为工具,在对行为学数据分析的基础上,利用事件相关电位(ERP)的高时间分辨率特性对脑电数据进行分析,然后通过计算事件相关谱扰动(ERSP)和重复试验间的相位一致性(ITC)对脑电数据进行时频分析,最后利用标准低分辨率电磁断层成像技术(sLORETA)对脑电数据进行电流密度溯源分析。本文主要研究内容和结论如下:通过研究二维与三维心理旋转行为学特征差异发现:(1)三维心理旋转认知加工过程空间表象的操作难度更大,素材到达目标角度的时间更长,淡化了各角度之间反应时间的差异,整体反应时间明显高于二维心理旋转实验;(2)二维心理旋转认知加工过程出现“镜像翻转”的概率高于三维心理旋转,平面外旋转过程的参与使二维心理旋转正像和镜像素材对应的行为学差异更加明显;(3)二维心理旋转认知加工过程更容易受到非心理旋转加工过程的干扰,实验素材的角度越大,心理旋转认知加工参与程度越高;(4)非线性模型与线性模型相比,能更好地描述心理旋转的线性与非线性特征,并能更有效地识别实验类型之间与实验素材类型之间的差异;(5)LBA线性决策模型与传统的线性和非线性模型相比,可以描述的特征更丰富,视角也更多样,对正像实验素材数据的拟合效果优于镜像实验素材,并且对二维心理旋转实验的行为学数据拟合效果明显优于三维心理旋转实验对应的行为学数据。通过研究二维心理旋转晚期脑电特征发现:(1)行为学数据和脑电数据分析结果证明,“镜像翻转”现象在镜像实验素材对应的心理旋转加工过程中确实存在;(2)“镜像翻转”现象对应的平面外旋转发生在平面内旋转之后,而且很有可能既和平面内旋转加工过程有时间交叉,也和决策过程有时间交叉;(3)随着实验素材角度增加,平面内与平面外旋转过程有平行发生的趋势;(4)多个认知过程在心理旋转晚期产生了明显的交叉,如果以被试做出判断的时间为基准,可以更直观地分析平面内与平面外旋转过程的差异,所以研究该阶段的行为学与脑电特征对研究整个心理旋转加工过程和研究不同素材类型对应的心理旋转加工过程差异有重要意义。通过研究不同视觉工作记忆成分对心理旋转脑电特征的影响发现:(1)ERP平均幅值的差异以及α频段和β频段脑电去同步化程度的差异证明,客体工作记忆负荷相比空间工作记忆对心理旋转加工的影响更显著,证明了视觉工作记忆子系统的功能性分离;(2)虽然工作记忆负荷,尤其是客体工作记忆负荷对心理旋转ERP和ERSP产生了显著影响,但随着实验素材角度的增加和心理旋转加工难度的上升,不同实验类型之间的差异逐渐消失,证明了客体工作记忆更可能对心理旋转空间表象的形成和存储产生了影响,而不是空间表象的操作过程,即客体工作记忆负荷并未影响心理旋转认知加工的核心特征,客体工作记忆能力在心理旋转认知加工过程中仅起辅助作用。此外,本文还设计实现了一种便携式认知能力测试软件iBrain,通过对其进行的标准化检验证明:(1)本软件具有体系相对完整、扩展性较高、数据收集自动化的特点;(2)本软件中虽然个别类型认知能力测试还需要改进,但是整体测试框架满足内部一致性要求,结构和效标关联效度良好,基本满足认知能力测试稳定性和准确性的要求,能够体现共同的认知能力因素,符合智力因素理论的g因素假设;(3)本软件是上述空间认知基础研究的应用之一,在现代网络社会中能够快速收集和统计海量数据,可以作为今后认知能力预测研究的数据库,也可为不同领域的能力评估和人才选拔工作提供参考。综上所述,研究不同条件下心理旋转认知加工过程的行为学和脑电数据特征,对研究大脑空间表象的操作方式以及预测被试的空间认知能力有重要意义。本文从二维与三维心理旋转加工过程的特征差异、正像与镜像实验素材对应的心理旋转加工过程的特征差异、心理旋转早期与晚期的加工过程特征差异以及视觉工作记忆不同成分对心理旋转加工过程的影响等多个方面,对心理旋转任务流程的各阶段特征进行了深入研究,阐述了心理旋转任务中各认知成分可能发挥的作用,对心理旋转的不同加工策略及其机制进行了分析,深化了对大脑空间认知加工机制的理解,并且对认知研究的应用方向进行了初步探索,为认知能力预测、评估和人才选拔等领域提供了参考手段。
[Abstract]:Spatial cognitive ability is one of the basic components of human intelligence and plays a relatively independent role in the intellectual structure. Visual spatial representation is the basis for solving the problem of spatial cognitive ability. As a typical experimental paradigm in the image study, psychological rotation testing provides a quantitative and objective method for spatial imagery research. People are more and more inclined to study human intelligence from the perspective of information processing. A large number of research results have found that psychological rotation is one of the basic operations of human spatial cognitive processing, and has a good prediction effect on the cognitive ability of the subjects. This study takes the psychological rotation experiment as the research paradigm and the mechanism of spatial cognitive processing. The purpose of this study is to decompose the process of mental rotation task processing, summarize the relationship between the various steps of the processing flow, summarize the cognitive processing strategy of psychological rotation, reveal the influence and mechanism of different components of visual working memory on cognitive processing of mental rotation, and deepen the understanding of the mechanism of cognitive processing in the brain. EEG analysis technology is a tool. Based on the analysis of behavioral data, the EEG data is analyzed by the high time resolution characteristic of event related potential (ERP). Then, the time frequency analysis of EEG data is carried out by calculating event correlation spectrum disturbance (ERSP) and the phase consistency (ITC) between repeated tests. Finally, the standard is low. The current density tracing analysis of EEG data by resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). The main contents and conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) it is found that: (1) the operation of spatial surface images in the process of three-dimensional psychological rotation is more difficult and the material reaches the target angle. The difference between the reaction time between different angles is longer, and the overall reaction time is obviously higher than that of the two-dimensional psychological rotation experiment. (2) the probability of "mirror image reversal" in the cognitive processing process of two-dimensional psychological rotation is higher than the three-dimensional psychological rotation, and the participation of the outer rotation process makes the two-dimensional psychological rotation and the mirror material corresponding to the behavioral science. The difference is more obvious; (3) the cognitive processing process of two-dimensional psychological rotation is more likely to be disturbed by the process of non psychological rotation, the greater the angle of the experimental material, the higher the participation degree of psychological rotation cognitive processing; (4) the linear and nonlinear characteristics of psychological rotation can be better described by the nonlinear model than the linear model, and it can be more effective. The difference between the experimental types and the experimental material types is identified. (5) the LBA linear decision model, compared with the traditional linear and nonlinear model, can describe more rich features and more diverse perspectives. The fitting effect of the experimental data is better than the mirror experiment element, and the behavioral data of the two-dimensional psychological rotation experiment are proposed. The combined effect is obviously better than the behavioral data corresponding to the three dimensional psychological rotation experiment. By studying the advanced EEG characteristics of the two-dimensional psychological rotation, (1) the behavioral data and the results of the EEG data analysis prove that the "mirror image flipping" phenomenon does exist in the mental rotation process corresponding to the mirror experiment material; (2) "mirror image flipping" phenomenon. The corresponding out of plane rotation occurs after the plane rotation, and it is likely to have time cross between the rotating machining process and the decision process. (3) with the increase of the experimental material angle, there is a parallel trend in the plane and out of plane rotation; (4) many cognitive processes are produced in the late psychological rotation. Obviously, if the time of the trial is judged, the difference between the in-plane and out of plane rotation can be analyzed more intuitively, so the study of the behavioral and EEG characteristics at this stage is of great significance to the study of the whole process of mental rotation and the difference of the psychological rotation process corresponding to the different material types. By studying the effects of different visual working memory components on the electroencephalogram characteristics of mental rotation, (1) the difference between the average amplitude of ERP and the difference in the degree of electroencephalography between the alpha frequency and the beta band shows that the working memory load of the object is more significant than the spatial working memory on the mental rotation processing, which proves the visual working memory subsystem. Functional separation of the system; (2) although the working memory load, especially the working memory load of the object, has a significant influence on the psychological rotation of ERP and ERSP, the difference between the different experimental types gradually disappeared with the increase of the experimental material angle and the rise of the difficulty of psychological rotation processing, which proved that the working memory of the object is more likely to be psychologically rotating. The formation and storage of spatial imagery has an impact, not the operation process of spatial imagery, that is, the object working memory load does not affect the core characteristics of mental rotation cognitive processing, and the working memory ability of the object only plays an auxiliary role in the process of psychological rotation cognitive processing. In addition, this paper also designs and implements a portable cognitive energy. The standard test of force testing software iBrain proves that: (1) the software has the characteristics of relatively complete system, high scalability, and automation of data collection. (2) although some types of cognitive ability testing need to be improved in this software, the overall test framework meets the internal consistency requirements, and the structure and the validity of the standard are well associated. Well, it basically meets the requirements of the stability and accuracy of cognitive ability testing, which can reflect the common cognitive ability factors and conform to the g factor hypothesis of the intellectual factor theory. (3) this software is one of the applications of the above spatial cognitive basic research, which can quickly collect and count the massive data in the modern network society, which can be used as a cognitive ability in the future. The database of force prediction research can also provide reference for ability assessment and talent selection in different fields. To sum up, the study of behavioral and EEG data characteristics of psychological rotation cognitive processing under different conditions is of great significance to the study of the operation mode of brain spatial imagery and the spatial cognitive ability of pre test subjects. From the characteristics difference between the two and the three dimensional psychological rotation processing, the difference in the characteristics of the psychological rotation process corresponding to the mirror experiment material, the difference of the process characteristics between the early and late stages of the psychological rotation and the influence of the different components of the visual working memory on the psychological rotation process, and the psychological rotation task The characteristics of various stages of the process are deeply studied, the possible role of each cognitive component in the mental rotation task is expounded, the different processing strategies and mechanisms of psychological rotation are analyzed, and the understanding of the cognitive processing mechanism of the brain is deepened, and the application direction of the cognitive research is preliminarily explored to the cognitive ability. It provides a reference for the field of force prediction, assessment and talent selection.
【学位授予单位】：中国人民解放军军事医学科学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：R318.04

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